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Animal Health & Disease > Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of health?

A

a state of optimal physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or immunity. a.k.a: healthy animals are disease free and pain free

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2
Q

what are some signs of healthy animals?

A

they:

  • eat
  • are alert and content
  • bright eyes and a shiny coat
  • normal feces and urine
  • normal vital signs
  • reproduce
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3
Q

what is disease?

A
  • any impairment of the normal function of an organism OR
  • any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor and leads to development of symptoms OR
  • manifestation of physiology going wrong
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4
Q

what can poor animal health result in?

A
  • lower production
  • human diseases
  • death of animals
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5
Q

what are some human diseases spread by animals (zoonoses)?

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Anthrax
  • Tetanus
  • Salmonellosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Rabies
  • west nile fever
  • toxoplasmosis
  • Q fever
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6
Q

what is an example of homeostasis?

A

the pancreas secreting insulin to control blood sugar, blood vessels dilating or constricting to control blood pressure

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7
Q

what are the main messengers controlling the feedback control loops involved in homeostasis control?

A

nervous impulses and hormones (endocrine and nervous systems)

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8
Q

what is different in the endocrine system (hormones) from the nervous system?

A

the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous.

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9
Q

What are the main two functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. autonomic controls
  2. endocrine controls
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10
Q

what are the autonomic functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • regulate homeostasis (thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, bp, heart rate, bladder function, emotions)
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11
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • links the nervous system to the endocrine system
  • helps regulate the pituitary gland secretions (influences metabolism, ion balance, sexual development and functions)
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12
Q

which animal would have a larger liver in proportion to body size, a dog or a horse?

A

A dog (3-4% bw) because it is a carnivore

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13
Q

what does the portal hepatic vein connect?

A

the digestive system and the liver

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14
Q

what are the two main capillaries that supply blood to the liver? which supplies more?

A
  1. the portal vein -70% of blood supply
  2. the hepatic artery -30% of blood supply
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15
Q

how much of the liver can we remove before we see liver failure or symptoms of liver failure?

A

2/3 rds of the liver can be compromised

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16
Q

what are lobules?

A

the functional unit of the liver

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17
Q

where is the portal triad located?

A

between the lobules

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18
Q

what is the portal triad composed of?

A
  • bile ducts
  • portal veins
  • hepatic artery
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19
Q

where is blood from the digestive system reabsorbed ?

A

in the portal triad

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20
Q

what are the roles of the hepatocytes or liver cells?

A
  • secrete proteins (albumin, complement proteins, fibrinogen, blood coagulation factors and globulins)
  • secrete bile
  • lipid metabolism
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • degradation of steroid hormones
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21
Q

What are sinusoidal lining cell?

A

cells found in the capillaries of the liver. endothelial cells with no basement membrane in the capillaries

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22
Q

why do hepatocytes have villi?

A

to increase surface area and therefore absorption and to allow more interaction

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23
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

macrophages in the liver important for fighting against disease and liver regeneration

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24
Q

what is cirrhosis? what causes it?

A

scaring of liver tissue caused by chronic injury (alcoholics, etc) where the scar tissue is made of collagen from fibroblast cells

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25
what is found in the space of Disse?
Stellate cells
26
what do hypo cells do?
* store lipids and vitamin A * produce collagen and fibrinogen which can cause liver inflammation
27
what are some functions of the liver?
* metabolism: carbs, lipids, protein * synthesis: plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), clotting factors, sugars, lipids, urea, ketone bodies * storage: glycogen, iron, vit A, C, D, E, K and B12 * recycling of old red blood cells (although main site is in the spleen) * phagocytosis of foreign substances (Kupffer cells) * detoxification * degradation of hormones * secretion of bile
28
why are only lesions that affect the majority of the hepatic parenchyma likely to produce signs of hepatic failure?
because the liver has considerable functional reserve and regenerative capacity (i.e. it can heal itself)
29
what are common signs of hepatic failure?
* jaundice (icterus) * dark colored urine * vascular and blood clotting disorders * metabolic disturbances (hyperammonemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia) * cutaneous manifestations (photosensitization)
30
what happens in Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)?
* plasma bilirubin concentration is above normal levels * skin and mucosa membranes get yellowish
31
what can cause jaundice?
* increased bilirubin production (hemolysis) * decreased uptake into the liver cells * impaired conjugation * interference with the secretion of conjugated bilirubin
32
what is bilirubin?
the substance that gives bile its color. formed from senescent RBCs
33
hemoglobin from the RBC is broken down to form what?
Biliverdin, which is rapidly converted to free bilirubin
34
what is the role of plasma albumin in bilirubin metabolism?
it is attached to free bilirubin to make it easily transported in the blood because bilirubin is insoluble in plasma
35
what happens to free bilirubin once inside the hepatocyte?
free bilirubin is converted to conjugated bilirubin, making it soluble in bile. which is then secreted as a constituent of bile and passes into the small intestine through the bile ducts
36
what happens to bilirubin in the intestine?
it is converted into a highly soluble substance called urobilinogen and stercobilinogens by the intestinal flora
37
what happens to most of the urobilinogen?
it is reabsorbed into general circulation and then excreted by the kidneys
38
what is the normal level of total serum bilirubin?
0.1=dog 3 mg/dL = horse
39
what are carrier animals?
animals that harbor (without manifest symptoms) and exposes other potential hosts to infectious agents
40
what is the definition for contagious?
capable of being transmitted from animal to animal (by direct or indirect contact)
41
what is a fomite?
an inanimate object which when contaminated with a pathogen (bacterium, virus, etc) can transfer the pathogen to a host (ex: doorknobs)
42
what is the incidence?
the number of new cases of a disease (condition) in a population over a period of time (the rate at which a certain event occurs)
43
what is the definition of infection?
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues (note: all infections do not represent diseases)
44
what is morbidity?
a diseased condition or state, the incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all diseases in a population
45
what is mortality?
the number of deaths in a population (death rate)
46
what is an opportunistic pathogen?
a pathogenic organism that is normally a commensal (not causing injury to host) but which gives rise to infection in immunocompromised hosts
47
what is prevalence?
the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time
48
what is parasitism?
a two-species association in which one specie (the parasite) lives on a second species (the host) and obtains its nourishment from it OR infection or infestation with parasites
49
what is quarantine?
the limitation on the freedom of movement of an individual to prevent spread of a disease to other members of a population
50
what is a reservoir?
an alternate animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected
51
what is a reportable disease?
a disease whose occurrence is required by law to be reported to government authorities because it it of significant importance to human and animal health and to the economy
52
what is the definition of susceptible?
an individual accessible to or liable to infection by a pathogen
53
what is a vector?
an organism (ex: mosquito or tick) that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another
54
what is a Zoonotic disease or Zoonoses?
a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. the natural reservoir is a nonhuman animal
55
what does epidemiology or epizootiology study?
the study of the causes (determinants) and spread (distribution) of diseases in a population
56
what does endemic/ enzootic mean?
occurrence of disease at a constant or expected level
57
what does epidemic mean?
an increase in the number of subjects affected by a disease over the expected rate of occurrence (Epizootic: term used to express an epidemic in a population of animals)
58
what is a pandemic?
an epidemic that occurs over a large geographical area or the world (world wide epidemics)
59
what is an outbreak?
a localized epidemic (increase in the level of disease over endemic level)
60
what is sporadic?
the pattern of disease in which the disease occurs rarely and without regularity
61
what is pathophysiology?
the study of how a disease or injury affects the function of the body
62
what is uremia?
a condition resulting from advanced stages of kidney failure in which urea and other N-containing wastes are found in the blood
63
what are the three points of the epidemiological Triad of disease?
agent, host and environment
64
what is an example of a determinant affecting an agent?
* infectivity * pathogenicity * virulence * immunogenicity * antigenic stability * survival
65
how do we reduce the risks of diseases?
* minimize exposure to disease agents * develop immunity (passive and active) * environment control (support above points)
66
what are some general practices to improve animal health?
* sanitation * proper nutrition * isolation of sick animals * restrict human access * control water quality * parturition areas must be clean * immunization (vaccines) etc, etc, etc...

Animal Health & Disease (7 decks)

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