lecture 1

Question 1

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

Answer 1

primary motor cortex, origin of descending motor pathway, initiate voluntary movements

Question 2

Premotor and supplemental motor areas (frontal)

Answer 2

part of precental, nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

Question 3

Broca’s area (frontal)

Answer 3

inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere (usually left), production of spoken and written language

Question 4

Prefrontal cortex (frontal)

Answer 4

rest of frontal lobe, executive functions (personality, foresight, insight)

Question 5

Postcentral gyrus (parietal)

Answer 5

is primary somatosensory cortex, concerned with initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

Question 6

Inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left)

Answer 6

involved with language comprehension

Question 7

Rest of parietal cortex

Answer 7

complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention

Question 8

superior surface of temporal lobe, part of superior temporal gyrus

Answer 8

Primary auditory cortex

Question 9

posterior aspect of one hemisphere (usually left) of temporal lobe

Answer 9

Language comprehension, Wernike’s area

Question 10

much of temporal lobe

Answer 10

Higher order visual processing

Question 11

medial temporal lobe

Answer 11

Learning & memory (technically part of limbic lobe)

Question 12

Occipital functions

Answer 12

More or less exclusively visual in function
Primary visual cortex in banks of calcarine sulcus and a bit of surrounding cortex
Rest of lobe consists of visual association cortex, involved in higher order visual processing
remember visual association areas also in temporal lobe

Question 13

Limbic system

Answer 13

emotional responses, drive-related behaviors & memory

Question 14

Limbic lobe

Answer 14

Mostly consists of cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Question 15

Path of CSF circulation

Answer 15

CSF is formed by choroid plexus in the ventricles. From the lateral and third ventricles CSF flows down the cerebral aqueduct (in the midbrain) to 4th ventricle and out the median (foramen of Magendie) and lateral (Luschka) apertures (one lateral aperture on each side) down the brainstem and spinal cord or around the brain surface to the arachnoid granulations and into the superior sagittal sinus.

Question 16

Epidural hematoma

Answer 16

Tear of meningeal arteries blood between skull & dura

Question 17

Subdural hematoma

Answer 17

tearing of bridging veins

Question 18

Two pairs of vessels supply much of brain & cord:

Answer 18

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 19

Anterior choroidal artery

Answer 19

Long and thin
Clinically significant, involved in strokes
Supplies many different structures optic tract, choroid plexus in temporal horn of lateral ventricle, deep structures (internal capsule, thalamus, hippocampus) sometimes cerebral peduncleRuns medially and enters longitudinal fissure

Question 20

Anterior cerebral artery

Answer 20

Runs medially and enters longitudinal fissure
then it arches posteriorly and follows corpus callosum
Supplies medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes, not some branches extend over the dorsolateral surface
Note the 2 ACAs are connected by the anterior communicating artery

Question 21

Middle Cerebral Artery

Answer 21

Runs laterally into lateral sulcus, divides into many branches
Supplies most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

Question 22

Vertebral-Basilar System

Answer 22

Supplies brainstem & cerebellum
Vertebral arteries run along lateral medulla, fuse to basilar artery at pons
Prior to joining basilar artery each vertebral artery gives rise to:
Posterior spinal artery: supplies posterior 1/3 of spinal cord
Anterior spinal artery: join together in midline, resulting single artery supplies anterior 2/3 of cord
(Note these arteries get help caudal to cervical cord)
PICA: supplies inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla

Question 23

Basilar artery

Answer 23

Bifurcates at midbrain into 2 PCAs
Prior to bifurcation gives rise to AICA and SCA
AICA: supplies anterior portions of the inferior surface of cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal pons
SCA: supplies superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain and rostral pons

Question 24

Posterior cerebral artery

Answer 24

Branches supply medial & inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes
Branches also go to rostral midbrain and posterior diencephalon

Question 25

Thalamic functions

Answer 25

Significant and central importance to most CNS functions
No sensory information except olfaction reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop in the thalamus
Thalamus involved in motor system neural circuits, which are loops that involve the cerebellum and basal ganglia
Limbic system projections to cortex also stop in thalamus first

Question 26

Hypothalamus

Answer 26

Inferior surface visible on base of the brain
Mammillary bodies
Infundibular stalk, connects hypothalamus with pituitary
Major visceral control center also has limbic functions

Question 27

CN II

Answer 27

Optic nerve (II)
Join to form optic chiasm where half of the fibers cross the midline giving rise to the optic tract
Optic tract ends in thalamus
Embryologically part of diencephalon so part of CNS, not PNS

Question 28

Cranial nerves: Midbrain

Answer 28

Oculomotor (III), emerges from interpeduncular fossa

Trochlear (IV), emerges from dorsal aspect of brainstem, the only one to do so

Question 29

Cranial nerves: Pons

Answer 29

Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 
Emerges from cerebellopontine angle

Question 30

Cranial nerves: Medulla

Answer 30

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Emerges from upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then  reverses and goes back into neck
Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 31

Cerebellum: Anterior lobe (AL) is anterior to primary fissure
Flocculonodular lobe
Posterior lobe (PL)

Answer 31

Anterior lobe is spinal cord input, trunk & limb movement

Flocculonodular lobe eye movements and vestibular function

Posterior lobe input form cortex, coordinates voluntary movements

Question 32

Basal ganglia

Answer 32

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and the major components
Striatium: caudate and putamen
Lenticular nucleus: putamen and globus pallidus
Separated from thalamus by the internal capsule, a fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures
Involved in movement control

Question 33

Ventricles function

Answer 33

Cavity of embryologic neural tube, filled with CSF made by choroid plexus
Suspends brain, regulates extracellular fluid composition and route by which certain chemical messengers are distributed in the CNS