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Human Physiology > Lecture 1-3: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis. > Flashcards

Lecture 1-3: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Provide examples of each level

A
  1. Atoms

Neutrons, Electrons

  1. Molecules.

H20, Na+Cl-

  1. Organelles

Mitochondria, chloroplasts

  1. Cells

Smooth Muscle cell

  1. Tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

  1. Organ

Blood vessel

  1. Organ System

Circulatory system

  1. Organism

Human!

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2
Q

What are the 10 organ systems?

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Endocrine
  3. Immune
  4. Integumentary
  5. Musculoskeletal
  6. Circulatory
  7. Respiratory
  8. Digestive
  9. Urinary
  10. Reproductive
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3
Q

What are the two organ systems considered the master controllers?

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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4
Q

What are the 2 organ systems considered master defenders?

A

Immune and integumentary

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5
Q

What organ system is considered the support system?

A

Musculoskeletal

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6
Q

Name the organ system responsible for transport

A

Circulatory

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7
Q

What are the 4 organ systems that connect to the outside world?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Digestive
  3. Urinary
  4. Reproductive
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8
Q

What are the 5 general themes in physiology?

A
  1. Structure and function are closely related.
  2. Living organisms need energy to live
  3. Information flow coordinates body functions
  4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
  5. Evolution
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9
Q

Function depends on [blank] and [blank]

A
  • structure

- shape

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10
Q

How does compartmentalization benefit the organism?

A

It allows cells, tissues and organs to specialize and isolate functions

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11
Q

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained in the body?

A

You will develop pathophysiology

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12
Q

Who termed homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

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13
Q

Which variable is tested?

A

Dependent

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14
Q

Which variable is altered to test?

A

Independent

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15
Q

X axis on a graph displays what?

A

Independent

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16
Q

Y axis on a graph displays what?

A

Dependent

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17
Q

Bar graphs show independent variables as [blank] entities.

A

Distinct (Diet A, B, C)

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18
Q

Line graphs show independent variables as [blank]

A

Continuous (Time, Temperature)

19
Q

Scatter plots, plot the [blank] between two variables

A

Relationship

20
Q

Body compartments are in a [blank]

A

Dynamic steady-state

21
Q

If at equilibrium, body compartments would be considered [blank]

A

identical

22
Q

Are body compartments at equilibrium?

A

no

23
Q

Compartments are in a state of relatively stable [blank]

A

Disequilibrium

24
Q

Give example of steady-state disequilibrium relative to the cell ion concentration

A

ECF = High levels of Na+ and Cl-

ICF = High levels of K+

25
Q

What happens if the set point has shifted?

A

The body will get used to that point and defend it even though it is not healthy for the organism.

Example: hypertension

26
Q

What are the components of a simple control system (3)?

A
  • Input signal
  • Integrating system
  • output signal
27
Q

What is a reflex response?

A

Body response across a distance.

28
Q

Using the AC, give a negative feedback example.

A
  1. Temperature increases
  2. Information travels to receptor (thermometer)
  3. Information will travel to control center (thermostat).
  4. Output signal will travel to effector (AC)
  5. Response initialed (AC cools room)
29
Q

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

A

Maintain homeostasis

30
Q

What are examples of negative feedback within the body?

A

blood pressure, blood glucose

31
Q

What does negative feedback prevent in the body?

A

Sudden and severe changes

32
Q

Which type of control system pushes the variable farther from the set point?

A

Positive feedback

33
Q

Give positive feedback example using childbirth

A

Stimulus: Baby pushes on cervix

Sensor: pressure stimulates brain.

Integrating center: brain

Output signal: oxytocin released.

Response: causes uterus to contract more

Enhanced response: contraction pushes baby into cervix

34
Q

What is a feed forward control?

A

A mechanism in which your body prepares for an event.

35
Q

Give an example of a feed forward mechanism

A

Smells food salivates, increases gastric secretion

36
Q

What are the 3 major body cavities?

A
  • Cranial
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominopelvic
37
Q

What are the 3 fluid filled compartments?

A
  • Circulatory system
  • Eyes
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
38
Q

What is a lumen?

A

A hollow interior space, can be air or liquid filled.

39
Q

What are the 3 functional body fluids?

A
  1. Blood plasma
  2. Interstitial fluid
  3. Intracellular fluid
40
Q

What are the 4 main functions of cell membranes?

A
  1. Separates ICF from ECF.
  2. Controls the movement of particles across the membrane.
  3. Communication with the cell and environment.
  4. Helps maintain shape
41
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins seen in our cell membranes?

A
  1. integral - embedded
  2. peripheral - loosely connected
  3. transmembrane - crosses through
42
Q

Describe the structure of the extracellular matrix

A

Created by the cells of the tissue surrounding the membrane.

The structure depends on where the cell is located. Bone = rigid while brain = watery

43
Q

What are some of the functions of the ECM?

A
  • holds cells together

- helps with cell growth and development

44
Q

Name the 3 different connection types between cells.

A
  1. Gap junctions
  2. Tight junctions
  3. Anchoring junctions

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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