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Chys 2p10 > Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Science of Development?

A

A method of understanding the physical and mental world.

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2
Q

What are the goals of developmental scientists?

A
  1. Describe Development: Normative and Ideographic Development.
  2. Explain Development: Why do individuals develop differently?
  3. Optimize Development: Apply research findings to improve outcomes.
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3
Q

what is normative development?

A

Typical patterns of development

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4
Q

what is ideographic development?

A

Individual differences in development

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

A scientific explanation for observations and facts (e.g., gravity).

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6
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction derived from a theory that can be tested.

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7
Q

What is objective data?

A

Information gathered by direct observation or instruments.

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8
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

Purpose: Isolate the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable.
Control: All other variables are held constant to establish causality.

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9
Q

What are correlational studies?

A

Purpose: Examine relationships between variables without control.
Limitation: Causal inferences and the direction of causality cannot be determined.

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10
Q

What are descriptive studies?

A

Purpose: Gather observed data without analyzing variable relationships.
Limitation: Cannot predict or infer causality.

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11
Q

What are the data collection methods?

A
  1. Observational: Naturalistic or testing.
  2. Self-Report: Interviews or questionnaires.
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12
Q

What are the types of developmental research designs?

A
  1. Cross-Sectional: Study different age groups at the same time.
  2. Longitudinal: Observe the same participants over time.
  3. Sequential: Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
  4. Microgenetic: Focuses on short-term changes during development.
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13
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Used to describe and summarize data in numerical terms.

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14
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

Measures strength and direction of relationships between variables (ranges from -1 to 1).

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15
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Used to determine the likelihood that a hypothesis is true.

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16
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

Conventionally, results must have a 95% likelihood of being true.

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17
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement in repeated experiments.

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18
Q

What is validity?

A

Whether a study accurately measures what it intends to.

Face validity: if study measures what it desires to measure (face value).
Criterion validity: if it agrees with different measures used in other studies.

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19
Q

What are the components of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?

A
  1. ID: Basic urges and desires.
  2. EGO: Rational decision-making.
  3. SUPEREGO: Moral conscience.
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20
Q

What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame (2-3 years)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-13 years)
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood)
  8. Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age)
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21
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences (reward/punishment).

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviours followed by positive outcomes are likely to recur.

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23
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Focuses on learning through observation and imitation.

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24
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Children learn from internal models of observed behaviour, even without rewards.

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25
Q

What is Piaget’s Theory?

A

Focuses on how thought structures evolve and build over time.

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26
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?

A

Cognitive development results from social interactions.
Language: Key tool for social and cognitive development.

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27
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?

A
  1. Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, peers).
  2. Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems.
  3. Exosystem: External factors that indirectly affect the individual.
  4. Macrosystem: Cultural context.
  5. Chronosystem: How these systems change over time.
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28
Q

What is ethology?

A

Focuses on species-typical behaviours influenced by biological factors.

29
Q

What are the four levels of inquiry in ethology?

A
  1. Immediate (causation): Why behaviours happen.
  2. Ontogenetic (developmental): How behaviours develop over time.
  3. Functional (evolution): Purpose of behaviours.
  4. Phylogenetic (historical): Evolutionary history of behaviours.
30
Q

What is the scope of Evolutionary Developmental Science?

A

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” – Theodosius Dobzhansky.

31
Q

What did Darwin contribute to evolution?

A

Developed the theory of natural and sexual selection.

32
Q

What are the five components of natural selection?

A
  1. More offspring are born than survive to reproduce.
  2. Individuals vary in traits.
  3. Certain traits increase chances of survival/reproduction.
  4. These traits are heritable.
  5. Environmental changes can lead to new species.
33
Q

What is a common misconception about evolution?

A

Survival of the Fittest: Fitness = number of offspring, not physical strength.

34
Q

What is the group selection fallacy?

A

Evolution acts on individuals, not groups.

35
Q

What is a misconception about the progression of evolution?

A

Evolution does not always progress from simple to complex life forms.

36
Q

What is the fit vs. unfit example?

A

A physically weak individual may have as many offspring as a healthy one, depending on resource availability.

37
Q

How does evolution relate to individual behavior?

A

A zebra may not sacrifice itself for the herd; individual survival is prioritized for reproduction.

38
Q

What is the misconception about higher vs. lower organisms?

A

Evolution moves toward complexity; it is random and can lead to simplicity or complexity.

39
Q

What are key points of Evolutionary Psychology?

A
  1. Domain-specific cognitive mechanisms.
  2. Partially inheritable.
  3. Solved problems in the E.E.A. (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness).
  4. Nurture and culture also influence mechanisms.
40
Q

What are critiques of Evolutionary Psychology?

A
  1. Doesn’t specify cognitive mechanisms.
  2. Relies on guesses about the E.E.A.
  3. May oversimplify human culture and environmental factors.
41
Q

What is the deterministic fallacy?

A

Traits can change; evolution does not dictate unchangeable behaviors (e.g., male aggression).

42
Q

What is the naturalistic fallacy?

A

Just because something is ‘natural’ doesn’t mean it’s morally good (e.g., war).

43
Q

How is childhood viewed as an adaptation?

A

Childhood survival: Historically, ~50% of children died before adulthood.

44
Q

What is the model of interaction between genes and environment?

A

Genotype: Genetic material inherited.
Phenotype: Observable expression of genotype (e.g., behavior).
Environment: Everything external to the genetic makeup.

45
Q

What are genetic contributions from parents to child?

A

Genetic material passed as chromosomes (DNA sections).

46
Q

What are alleles?

A
  1. Dominant allele: expressed if present.
  2. Recessive allele: not expressed if a dominant allele is present.
  3. Homozygous: inherits two of the same alleles.
  4. Heterozygous: inherits two different alleles.
47
Q

What is sex determination?

A

Males = XY; Females = XX.

48
Q

What is a male disadvantage in genetic disorders?

A

X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males due to fewer genes on the Y chromosome.

49
Q

What are examples of genetic disorders?

A

Recessive genes: PKU, sickle-cell anemia.
Dominant genes: Huntington’s disease.
Sex-linked inheritance: Fragile-X syndrome, hemophilia.
Errors in Meiosis: Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome.

50
Q

What are genetic syndromes?

A

Some syndromes (e.g., dyslexia, autism) have genetic bases, but the mechanisms are not fully understood.

51
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Most traits are governed by multiple genes.

Example: Behavioral traits like intelligence or personality.

52
Q

What is the case study of PKU?

A

PKU (Phenylketonuria) is caused by a defective gene, but its effects (mental retardation) can be prevented with a proper diet.

53
Q

What are regulator genes?

A

Regulate when genes are ‘switched on’ or ‘off’ during development.

54
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Examines how genes and the environment together produce an organism.

55
Q

What is the future of developmental studies?

A

It’s a reductionist but promising field.

56
Q

What is human brain size in relation to body size?

A

Larger than expected for body size.

57
Q

What is the encephalization quotient?

A

Measure of brain size relative to body.

58
Q

What are the stages of brain development?

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Synaptogenesis
  5. Cell Death & Synaptic Pruning
  6. Synaptic Rearrangement
59
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of neurons

60
Q

migration

A

Movement of neurons to different brain areas.

61
Q

Differentiation

A

neurons specialize

62
Q

Synaptogenesis:

A

Creation of synapses (connections).

63
Q

Cell Death & Synaptic Pruning

A

Elimination of extra neurons/synapses.

64
Q

Synaptic Rearrangement:

A

Fine-tuning of brain wiring

65
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to change based on experience.

66
Q

What is experience-expectant synaptogenesis?

A

Synapses form from species-typical experiences.

67
Q

What is experience-dependent synaptogenesis?

A

Synapses form from individual experiences.

68
Q

What is the Kennard Effect?

A

Younger brains tend to recover better from injuries.

Chys 2p10 (2 decks)

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