Lecture #1

Question 1

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Prokaryotes: No distinct nucleus, organelles, histones
Eukaryotes: Complex cellular organization membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes

Question 2

Name the eight cellular functions

Answer 2

Movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion respiration, reproduction, communication

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Cell division, storage of genetic information

Question 4

Histones

Answer 4

Proteins that bind w/ DNA, involved in supercoiling of DNA

Question 5

Plasma Membrane Functions

Answer 5

Transport nutrients and waste products, generate membrane potentials, cell recognition and communication, growth regulation, sensor of signals that enable cell to respond and adapt to changes in environment

Question 6

Three types of membrane lipids

Answer 6

Cholesterol, phospholipids, glycolipids

Question 7

All three types of membrane lipids are amphipathic, which means…?

Answer 7

Able to form bilayers in aqueous solutions because they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 8

Cytoskeleton (general definition)

Answer 8

Organized protein network that prevents eukaryotic cells organelles from free floating

Question 9

Cytoskeleton (Functions)

Answer 9

Maintains cell’s shape, allows cell movement, directs trafficking of substances within cell

Question 10

Three principle types of protein filaments (and their functions)

Answer 10

Actin filaments (cell movement), microtubules (organize cytoplasm and organelles and originate at centrosome), intermediate filaments (mechanically support cell)

Question 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

“GI tract” of the cell, synthesizes membrane components

Question 12

Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

Answer 12

Rough: coated with ribosomes, complexes of protein, and RNA

Question 13

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 13

Stack of smooth membrane bound components (cisternae)

Three processing compartments: Cis-face, medial, trans-face

Question 14

Lysosomes

Answer 14

Membrane bound bags of digestive enzymes.
Obtain materials they digest from three main pathways: endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytic cells
Final products of digestion: amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars

Question 15

Peroxisomes

Answer 15

Membrane bound bags that perform degradative functions

Important to kidney and liver cell; detoxify various substances

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

“Powerhouse”
Converts energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular functions
Bound by two specialized membranes: inner membrane, and outer membrane
Contains enzymes necessary for ATP production
Has role in programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions

Question 18

Anabolism

Answer 18

Energy using reaction

Question 19

Catabolism

Answer 19

Energy releasing rection

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

Used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport
Stores and transfers energy

Question 21

Electrolytes are measured in…

Answer 21

mEq/L

Question 22

Passive Transport (and examples)

Answer 22

No energy expended.
- Diffusion: Down the concentration gradient
- Filtration: Greater force on one side than the other
~ Hydrostatic Pressure: Mechanical force of H2O pushing against cellular membranes
- Tonicity: Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
- Passive Mediated Transport Protein: Transporter protein moves solutes across the membrane without using energy

Question 23

Active Transport (and examples)

Answer 23

Energy expended
- Protein Transport pumps (Na/K ATPase pump)
- Endocytosis: Pinocytosis- engulfment of fluids and small particles; proteins transported to cytoplasm
Phagocytosis: Engulfment and degradation of microorganisms
- Exocytosis: Transport of extracellular substances such as debris into extracellular spaces

Question 24

Four Cell Types

Answer 24

Epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells, stem cels