Lecture #1 Flashcards
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: No distinct nucleus, organelles, histones
Eukaryotes: Complex cellular organization membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes
Name the eight cellular functions
Movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion respiration, reproduction, communication
Nucleus
Cell division, storage of genetic information
Histones
Proteins that bind w/ DNA, involved in supercoiling of DNA
Plasma Membrane Functions
Transport nutrients and waste products, generate membrane potentials, cell recognition and communication, growth regulation, sensor of signals that enable cell to respond and adapt to changes in environment
Three types of membrane lipids
Cholesterol, phospholipids, glycolipids
All three types of membrane lipids are amphipathic, which means…?
Able to form bilayers in aqueous solutions because they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Cytoskeleton (general definition)
Organized protein network that prevents eukaryotic cells organelles from free floating
Cytoskeleton (Functions)
Maintains cell’s shape, allows cell movement, directs trafficking of substances within cell
Three principle types of protein filaments (and their functions)
Actin filaments (cell movement), microtubules (organize cytoplasm and organelles and originate at centrosome), intermediate filaments (mechanically support cell)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
“GI tract” of the cell, synthesizes membrane components
Rough ER vs. Smooth ER
Rough: coated with ribosomes, complexes of protein, and RNA
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of smooth membrane bound components (cisternae)
Three processing compartments: Cis-face, medial, trans-face
Lysosomes
Membrane bound bags of digestive enzymes.
Obtain materials they digest from three main pathways: endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytic cells
Final products of digestion: amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars
Peroxisomes
Membrane bound bags that perform degradative functions
Important to kidney and liver cell; detoxify various substances
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse”
Converts energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular functions
Bound by two specialized membranes: inner membrane, and outer membrane
Contains enzymes necessary for ATP production
Has role in programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Metabolism
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions
Anabolism
Energy using reaction
Catabolism
Energy releasing rection
ATP
Used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport
Stores and transfers energy
Electrolytes are measured in…
mEq/L
Passive Transport (and examples)
No energy expended.
- Diffusion: Down the concentration gradient
- Filtration: Greater force on one side than the other
~ Hydrostatic Pressure: Mechanical force of H2O pushing against cellular membranes
- Tonicity: Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
- Passive Mediated Transport Protein: Transporter protein moves solutes across the membrane without using energy
Active Transport (and examples)
Energy expended
- Protein Transport pumps (Na/K ATPase pump)
- Endocytosis: Pinocytosis- engulfment of fluids and small particles; proteins transported to cytoplasm
Phagocytosis: Engulfment and degradation of microorganisms
- Exocytosis: Transport of extracellular substances such as debris into extracellular spaces
Four Cell Types
Epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells, stem cels
