Lecture 1

Question 1

How did Plato describe the nature of humans?

Answer 1

He believed that there was biological and genetic determinism. He believed that all knowledge is innate and that environment and emotions allow access to these traits.

Question 2

How did Aristotle describe the nature of humans?

Answer 2

He believed that there is social determinism for individuals and that everyone is a blank slate.

Question 3

What is teratology?

Answer 3

the study of birth defects caused by in utero exposure to drugs and environmental toxins.

Question 4

what is an example of a case study in teratology?

Answer 4

limb defects in babies whose mothers had taken thalidomide between days 35-48

Question 5

What are some causation criteria?

Answer 5

• STRENGTH of association
• CONSISTENCY between independent studies
• TEMPORALITY timing of the exposures correlated with defect
• BIOLOGICAL GRADIENT dose-response

Question 6

what is the CYP2D6 enzyme?

Answer 6

the family of the cytochrome p450 enzymes are responsible for metabolising almost 25% of all drugs. The number of copies varies and ultra rapid metabolism may have up to 13 copies.

Question 7

what are normal levels of sperm?

Answer 7

between 20-120 million per mL

Question 8

what does azospermia refer to?

Answer 8

low sperm count

Question 9

what does necrospermia refer to?

Answer 9

dead sperm

Question 10

olgiospermia

Answer 10

sperm with defects

Question 11

what are some solutions to problems with sperm?

Answer 11

1. ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
2. AI (artificial insemination)
   3.

Question 12

what are some types of genetic testing before birth?

Answer 12

• embryo biopsy (preimplantation genetic diagnosis)
• fetal DNA in maternal blood
• ultrasound
• amniocentesis

Question 13

what are tests that can be done after birth?

Answer 13

• neonatal
• during childhood and into adulthood
• predictive tests

Question 14

what errors can occur from meiosis and mitosis?

Answer 14

non disjunction

• aneuploidy (meiosis)
• klinefeltor (XXY)

Question 15

Discrepant paternity

Answer 15

describes the anomaly itself–the disconnect between what men think is true and the genetic reality.

Question 16

paternity fraud

Answer 16

implies that a woman is purposely missleading a man into believing that the children are biologically his for the purpose of child support, money etc.

Question 17

what is the normative approach to paternity fraud?

Answer 17

paternity fraud cheats the man and/or children by creating a relationship between a man and nonbiological
child. It essential means the man is compelled to pay child support which may not allow him the resources to start another family with a faithful woman

Question 18

what is polygenism?

Answer 18

theory of races as separate species.