Lecture 1 Flashcards
How did Plato describe the nature of humans?
He believed that there was biological and genetic determinism. He believed that all knowledge is innate and that environment and emotions allow access to these traits.
How did Aristotle describe the nature of humans?
He believed that there is social determinism for individuals and that everyone is a blank slate.
What is teratology?
the study of birth defects caused by in utero exposure to drugs and environmental toxins.
what is an example of a case study in teratology?
limb defects in babies whose mothers had taken thalidomide between days 35-48
What are some causation criteria?
- STRENGTH of association
- CONSISTENCY between independent studies
- TEMPORALITY timing of the exposures correlated with defect
- BIOLOGICAL GRADIENT dose-response
what is the CYP2D6 enzyme?
the family of the cytochrome p450 enzymes are responsible for metabolising almost 25% of all drugs. The number of copies varies and ultra rapid metabolism may have up to 13 copies.
what are normal levels of sperm?
between 20-120 million per mL
what does azospermia refer to?
low sperm count
what does necrospermia refer to?
dead sperm
olgiospermia
sperm with defects
what are some solutions to problems with sperm?
- ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
- AI (artificial insemination)
3.
what are some types of genetic testing before birth?
- embryo biopsy (preimplantation genetic diagnosis)
- fetal DNA in maternal blood
- ultrasound
- amniocentesis
what are tests that can be done after birth?
- neonatal
- during childhood and into adulthood
- predictive tests
what errors can occur from meiosis and mitosis?
non disjunction
- aneuploidy (meiosis)
- klinefeltor (XXY)
Discrepant paternity
describes the anomaly itself–the disconnect between what men think is true and the genetic reality.
