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Biology 207 > Lecture 1+2: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 1+2: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2. M.

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2
Q

What happens in the first stage of the interphase?

A

G1: The cell does normal cellular functions, grows in size (particularly in newly divided daughter cells that are half the size of the mother cell).

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3
Q

What happens in the second stage of interphase?

A

S: DNA is replicated via synthesis. Each chromosome is replicated (2 sister chromatids attached at the centromere)
Chromosomes are not condensed yet.

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4
Q

What happens in the third stage of interphase?

A

G2: the cell continues to grow and acquires proteins for cell division. There is a checkpoint stage in which proteins flag any mistakes in the cell and arrest the cell until the problem is fixed or instructs the cell to self-destruct.

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

PMATC: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

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6
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

The nucleus dissolves and newly replicated chromosomes begin to condense.

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7
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The nucleus is fully dissolved and condensed chromosomes are pulled by microtubules that have attached to the kinetochore; these microtubules align chromosomes along the metaphase plate

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8
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

A part of a chromosome that contains the centromere and other binding proteins.

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9
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Each sister chromatid is pulled by microtubules to each pole of the dividing cell.

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10
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Identical sets of chromosomes are separated. The nucleus begins to reform around the decondensing chromosomes.

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11
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis?

A

Microtubules constrict the metaphase plate and cause a cleavage, this is eventually partitioned and two daughter cells are created.

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12
Q

What stage of interphase to cells undergoing Meiosis not have?

A

G2

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13
Q

What is unique about the neural cell cycle?

A

Neuron cells do not replicate, they stay in a G0 phase.

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14
Q

Describe changes in the chromosome amount (n) throughout mitosis.

A

2n throughout

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15
Q

Describe how the number of sister chromatids change throughout the cell cycle

A

1 chromatid per chromosome in G1, 2 in G2, 2 in Prophase, 1 after Mitosis.

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16
Q

How does the DNA number (c) change throughout the cell cycle?

A

G1: 2c G2: 4c End of Mitosis: 2c

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17
Q

If species A has 2n=4 chromosomes and B has 2n=12 chromosomes, which species has more DNA?

A

Chromosomes differ in size and structure therefore its impossible to tell

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18
Q

What parts of the chromosome contain the least genetically important information?

A

Centromeres, telomeres.

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19
Q

What would happen if a chromosome had two centromeres?

A

The chromosome would be torn apart during division by microtubules.

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20
Q

What is the relationship between genomes and genes?

A

larger genomes tend to have more genes and tend to be more complex.

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21
Q

What is cohesin?

A

heterotrimer rings that bind to one chromosome and are broken during anaphase to separate sister chromatids.

22
Q

Cells that are 2n are called

A

diploid

23
Q

cells that are n are called

A

haploid

24
Q

All the genes in a haploid are called

A

a genome

25
Q

Protected cohesin

A

Hold sister chromatids together

26
Q

Unprotected choesins

A

Hold homologous pairs together

27
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

To produce gamete cells from diploid cells

28
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1. All in 2.

29
Q

What is the major event in meiosis 1?

A

Homologous pairs are separated into separate cells (2n to n)

30
Q

What is the major event in meiosis 2?

A

Sister chromatids are separated into cells (2c to c)

31
Q

When does crossing over happen?

A

Metaphase 1

32
Q

When do diploid cells become haploid cells during Meiosis?

A

After metaphase 1

33
Q

What is it called when homologous pairs align along the metaphase plate during meiosis 1.

A

They create a tetract.

34
Q

When does protected cohesin break?

A

during anaphase 1

35
Q

when does unprotected cohesin break?

A

during anaphase 2

36
Q

Describe how n changes during meiosis

A

G2: 2N Meiosis 1: 2n to n, Meiosis 2: n

37
Q

Describe how c changes during meiosis

A

G1: 2c G2: 4c Meiosis 1: 4c to 2c Meiosis 2c to c

38
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

meiosis when the products are gametes

39
Q

What is meiosis in males?

A

spermatogenesis

40
Q

What is meiosis in females?

A

oogenesis

41
Q

What occurs to haploid cells after spermatogenesis?

A

The cells grow flagella to become motile (sign of mature sperm)

42
Q

What is unique about the product of oogenesis?

A

Makes a single gamete rather than 4.

43
Q

What are discarded cells in oogenesis called?

A

polar bodies

44
Q

How many chromosomes are in the adult human?

A

2n=46, 2 pairs of 23 (maternal + paternal)

45
Q

When is the zygotic genome activation?

A

Genes turn on at the 4 cell stage

46
Q

What is the probability of having a single child?

A

97%

47
Q

What is a dizygotic twin?

A

non-identical twins produced from two separately fertilized eggs (have their own separate placentas and containers.

48
Q

What is the probability of having a dizygotic twin?

A

3%

49
Q

What is a monozygotic twin?

A

genetically identical twins that come from one zygote that either splits at the two-cell stage (one container) or after the two-cell stage (separate containers).

50
Q

What to fertility drugs increase the rate of?

A

increase rate that eggs are released therefore increases the probability of dizygotic twins.

51
Q

What kind of cells does amniotic fluid contain?

A

embryonic cells

52
Q

Why does oogenesis pause in prophase 1?

A

maternal age effects

Biology 207 (1 decks)

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