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BIO111 Cell Biology > Lecture 1 & 2 Chemical components of the cell > Flashcards

Lecture 1 & 2 Chemical components of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

Polymers of Nucleotides:

A

DNA, RNA

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2
Q

Polymer of Amimo acids:

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Polymer of Fatty Acids:

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Polymer of Sugars:

A

Polyssacharides

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5
Q

Nucleotides are the building bloks for what?

A

DNA

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6
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), Nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

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7
Q

Deoxyribose sugar has what element missing?

A

Oxygen missing from the 2’ of sugar

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8
Q

How are nucleotides bonded together?

A

covalently linked via a sugar phosphate backbone to form nucleotides (phosphodiester bonds), following from the 5’ phosphate to 3’ hydroxyl end

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9
Q

How is DNA formed to make it double stranded?

A

antiparallel chains, stuctured by the sugar-phosphate backbone and held together by hydrogen bonding between complimentary base pairs

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10
Q

Number of H bonds between A and T?

A

2

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11
Q

Number of H bonds between G and C?

A

3

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12
Q

What is the relation of the two antiparallel strands to one another? What does this allow?

A

Reverse compliments of eachother, which allows for DNA replication with one strand acting as a template to another

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13
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

RNA

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14
Q

Replication -> ………….. -> …………..

A

Replication -> Transcription -> Translation

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15
Q

3 differences of RNA from DNA:

A

ribose replaces deoxyribose

uracil replaces thymine

RNA is single stranded

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16
Q

4 types of RNA and functions:

A

mRNA - translated into proteins in rER

rRNA - structural rna which is important for making proteins from rna molecules

tRNA - delivers aa for translation

microRNA - regulates expression of other mRNA (targets mRNA to degrate or blok translation)

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17
Q

mRNA is translated into proteins by what?

A

ribosomes

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18
Q

In translation, how are the codes read?

A

In triples: codons

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19
Q

What is the number of possible combinations for aa?

A

64

only 24 aa present - mulitiple codons code for same aa, stop codons, regulatory codons

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20
Q

AA are the building bloks for what?

A

Proteins

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21
Q

AA are composed of what?

A

H group

Carbonyl group

R group

Amino group

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22
Q

How are aa bonded together?

A

condensation reactions in the ribosome (release of H2O)

Peptide bond formed by the carbonyl and amino group

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23
Q

How do AA vary from one another?

A

R groups

side chains affect the behaviour of the protein

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24
Q

Non-polar side chains in AA - properties:

A

unreactive side chains (no H bonding)

hyrdrophobic side chains

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25
Q

Non-polar side chains in AA - alphabet:

A

Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Trp, Pro

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26
Q

Polar side chains in AA - properties

A

reactive side chains

hydrophillic side chains

accept/donate H bonds

27
Q

Polar side chains in AA - alphabet:

A

Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln

28
Q

Charged side chains in AA - properties:

A

(theres postive and basic)

Salt bridges
H bonding

Hydrophillic

29
Q

Charged side chains in AA - alphabet:

A

Negative/acidic: Asp, Glu

Positive/basic: Lys, Arg, His

30
Q

1°protein stucture:

A

the sequence of aa in a protein

Mutation: sickle cell anemia (Glu6Val Hb), change in aa of the sequence E6V

31
Q

2°protein stucture:

A

the local fold of a protein dependent on H bonds (stability)

  • alpha helix
  • beta sheet
32
Q

3°protein stucture:

A

3D shape of a protein with the interactions between different domains/ side chains

Interactions:

  • van der waals interactions
  • disulfide bridges
  • salt bridges
  • H bonding
33
Q

4°protein stucture:

A

interations between two or more polypeptide chains to form a protein complex

  • collagen
  • haemoglobin
34
Q

What type of bonds are present in fully saturated fatty acids?

A

single bonds

  • palmitic acid
  • stearic acid
35
Q

What is the enzyme which transforms Stearic acid (saturated) to Oleic acid (unsaturated)?

A

desaturase - binds to one of the long ends of the fatty acid and removes H bonds from carbon to form double bond

36
Q

What is a monounsaturated acid?

A

one double bond

(oleic acid)

37
Q

What does cis mean?

A

H on the same side

38
Q

What does trans mean?

A

H on oppostie sides

39
Q

What is a polyunsaturated acid?

A

many double bonds

(linoleic acid - 2 double bonds = omega6)

(alpha-linoleic acid - 3 double bonds = omega3)

40
Q

What is the effect on the fact that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids pack differently in membranes?

A

they change the fluidity and premeability

41
Q

Creation of mediators of inflammation, pain, fever, etc. with Omega6:

A

membrane phospholipids –(phospholipidase)–> omega6

–(elongases desaturases)–> archidonic acid

–(cyclo-oxygenase 2, cox-2)–> paracrines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

–> mediators of inflammation, pain, fever, etc

42
Q

What are fatty acids primarily stored as?

A

Triglycerides

43
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

3 glycerols bonded to fatty acids through ester bonds

44
Q

Comparison of energy storage in fat and glycogen:

A

more energy stored in fat

takes longer to produce ATP from fat

45
Q

What type of molecule is glycogen?

A

Storing molecule for sugar and fatty acids

46
Q

Glycine

47
Q

Alanine

48
Q

Valine

49
Q

Leucine

50
Q

Isoleucine

51
Q

Methionine

52
Q

Trytophone

53
Q

Proline

54
Q

Serine

55
Q

Threonine

56
Q

Cysteine

57
Q

Tryosine

58
Q

Asparagine

59
Q

Glutamine

60
Q

Aspartic

61
Q

Glutamic acid

62
Q

Lysine

63
Q

Arginine

64
Q

Histidine

BIO111 Cell Biology (11 decks)

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