Lecture 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

5 points about chicken experiment

A
  • testes removed and reimplanted into abdomen
  • OR testes removed and NOT reimplanted
  • Reimplanted roosters were just like ones where testes not removed
  • conclusion that hormonal signal need not be into blood and has widespread effects
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2
Q

hormones are

A

substances secreted from endocrine glands and the brain

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3
Q

neurotransmitters are

A

substances released by nerve cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

neuropeptides are

A

substances released from neurons and endocrine glands

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5
Q

cytokines are released by

A

cells of the immune system

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6
Q

methods of communication between cells

A
  1. intracrine 2. autocrine 3. paracrine 4. neurocrine 5. endocrine 6. neuroendocrine
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7
Q

intracrine communication

A

cell producing messengers and communicating within itself

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8
Q

autocrine communication

A

chemical messengers sent out into interstitial fluid and acts externally on itself and other cells (that are of the same cell type)

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9
Q

paracrine communication

A

chemical messengers are released externally to neighboring cells of a different type

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10
Q

neurocrine communication

A

diffuse a short distance and affect a different type of cell

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11
Q

endocrine communication

A

chemical messengers travel from endocrine cells into the bloodstream to distant locations in body

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12
Q

neuroendocrine communication

A

chemical messengers do not diffuse across synapse but rather are secreted directly into the bloodstream coming from a neural cell. looks like neuron acts like gland

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13
Q

types of chemical messengers

A
  1. phyto hormones 2. true hormones 3. neurohormones 4. neurotransmitters 5. pheromones 6. parahormones 7. prohormones 8. growth factors 9. cytokines 10. adipokines 11. vitamins
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14
Q

phytohormones are

A

plant hormones ie. kinins, auxins, gibberellins.

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15
Q

factoid about phytohormones

A

similar to human hormones and may influence the human neuroendocrine system

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16
Q

true hormones are

A

chemical messengers synth in endocrine glands and secreted into bloodstream

17
Q

endocrine glands have no

A

ducts

18
Q

true hormones do what?

A

act on specific target cell receptors and cause biochemical action in target cells

19
Q

neurohormones are

A

hormones which are released by neurosecretory cells via the p. pit into circulation OR via portal system into A. pit

20
Q

neurotransmitters are

A

messengers that are released by presynaptic nerve cells into the synapse and stimulate postsynaptic receptors

21
Q

pheromones are

A

volatile chemical messengers synthesized in exocrine glands secreted into environment

22
Q

exocrine glands have

A

ducts

23
Q

pheromones do what

A

act on other individuals, usually of same spp through olfaction or gustatory means and alters behaviour in that animal

24
Q

primer effects

A

effects of pheromones on neuroendocrine system

25
Q

releaser effects

A

effects of pheromones on behaviour

26
Q

parahormones are

A

hormone like substances that are not produced in endocrine glands but have some of the same properteies of hormones

27
Q

examples of parahormones

A

histamine, prostaglandins, vit D

28
Q

prohormones can be either

A

large peptide molecules or steroid molecules converted into bioactive steroids

29
Q

growth factors are

A

hormone-like substances which promote growth of body/b rain tissue (ie NGF/EGF)

30
Q

cytokines are

A

hormone like factors released from cells of immune system

31
Q

cytokines regulate

A

activity of immune system

32
Q

adipokines are

A

hormones secreted from fat cells eg. leptin

33
Q

vitamins are

A

chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body

34
Q

vitamin D is syth in X and has Y properties

A

in body; hormone-like

35
Q

problems with definition of hormones

A
  1. not all regulators are hormones 2. different quantities 3. some not synthesized in true endocrine glands 4. some secrete into csf and blood stream 5. some have specific targets or act on many cells 6. some have specific functions, others general