Lecture 1/2

Question 1

5 points about chicken experiment

Answer 1

• testes removed and reimplanted into abdomen
• OR testes removed and NOT reimplanted
• Reimplanted roosters were just like ones where testes not removed
• conclusion that hormonal signal need not be into blood and has widespread effects

Question 2

hormones are

Answer 2

substances secreted from endocrine glands and the brain

Question 3

neurotransmitters are

Answer 3

substances released by nerve cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system

Question 4

neuropeptides are

Answer 4

substances released from neurons and endocrine glands

Question 5

cytokines are released by

Answer 5

cells of the immune system

Question 6

methods of communication between cells

Answer 6

1. intracrine 2. autocrine 3. paracrine 4. neurocrine 5. endocrine 6. neuroendocrine

Question 7

intracrine communication

Answer 7

cell producing messengers and communicating within itself

Question 8

autocrine communication

Answer 8

chemical messengers sent out into interstitial fluid and acts externally on itself and other cells (that are of the same cell type)

Question 9

paracrine communication

Answer 9

chemical messengers are released externally to neighboring cells of a different type

Question 10

neurocrine communication

Answer 10

diffuse a short distance and affect a different type of cell

Question 11

endocrine communication

Answer 11

chemical messengers travel from endocrine cells into the bloodstream to distant locations in body

Question 12

neuroendocrine communication

Answer 12

chemical messengers do not diffuse across synapse but rather are secreted directly into the bloodstream coming from a neural cell. looks like neuron acts like gland

Question 13

types of chemical messengers

Answer 13

1. phyto hormones 2. true hormones 3. neurohormones 4. neurotransmitters 5. pheromones 6. parahormones 7. prohormones 8. growth factors 9. cytokines 10. adipokines 11. vitamins

Question 14

phytohormones are

Answer 14

plant hormones ie. kinins, auxins, gibberellins.

Question 15

factoid about phytohormones

Answer 15

similar to human hormones and may influence the human neuroendocrine system

Question 16

true hormones are

Answer 16

chemical messengers synth in endocrine glands and secreted into bloodstream

Question 17

endocrine glands have no

Answer 17

ducts

Question 18

true hormones do what?

Answer 18

act on specific target cell receptors and cause biochemical action in target cells

Question 19

neurohormones are

Answer 19

hormones which are released by neurosecretory cells via the p. pit into circulation OR via portal system into A. pit

Question 20

neurotransmitters are

Answer 20

messengers that are released by presynaptic nerve cells into the synapse and stimulate postsynaptic receptors

Question 21

pheromones are

Answer 21

volatile chemical messengers synthesized in exocrine glands secreted into environment

Question 22

exocrine glands have

Answer 22

ducts

Question 23

pheromones do what

Answer 23

act on other individuals, usually of same spp through olfaction or gustatory means and alters behaviour in that animal

Question 24

primer effects

Answer 24

effects of pheromones on neuroendocrine system

Question 25

releaser effects

Answer 25

effects of pheromones on behaviour

Question 26

parahormones are

Answer 26

hormone like substances that are not produced in endocrine glands but have some of the same properteies of hormones

Question 27

examples of parahormones

Answer 27

histamine, prostaglandins, vit D

Question 28

prohormones can be either

Answer 28

large peptide molecules or steroid molecules converted into bioactive steroids

Question 29

growth factors are

Answer 29

hormone-like substances which promote growth of body/b rain tissue (ie NGF/EGF)

Question 30

cytokines are

Answer 30

hormone like factors released from cells of immune system

Question 31

cytokines regulate

Answer 31

activity of immune system

Question 32

adipokines are

Answer 32

hormones secreted from fat cells eg. leptin

Question 33

vitamins are

Answer 33

chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body

Question 34

vitamin D is syth in X and has Y properties

Answer 34

in body; hormone-like

Question 35

problems with definition of hormones

Answer 35

1. not all regulators are hormones 2. different quantities 3. some not synthesized in true endocrine glands 4. some secrete into csf and blood stream 5. some have specific targets or act on many cells 6. some have specific functions, others general