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Breeding And Reproduction > Lecture 1 +2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 +2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is gynecology

A

The study of the female reproductive system

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2
Q

What is Theriogenealogy

A

Study of animal reproduction

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3
Q

What is obstetrics

A

The study of the female reproductive system involving pregnancy, parturition, and purperium

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4
Q

What six things make up the female reproductive tract

A

Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina, Vulva, external genitalia

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive tract

A

Why shaped uterus in most. Body extenze in caudal direction. Two uterine horns project cranially. Suspended by the broad ligament. Oviduct extends from the tips of the uterine horns.

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6
Q

What does the ovary do

A

Produces both gametes and hormones.

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7
Q

Which hormones are produced by the ovary

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

What produces estrogen in the ovary

A

The follicle

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9
Q

What produces progesterone in the ovary

A

The corpus luteum

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10
Q

List the four layers of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex: that contains the follicle and corpus luteum, Medulla

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11
Q

List the steps of development for the primordial follicle

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, develop antral tertiary follicle, antral follicle, ovulating follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans(If animal is not pregnant)

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the oviducts

A

Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus

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13
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

Fingers that hold and grab the egg

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14
Q

What is the ampulla

A

Where the egg is fertilized

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15
Q

What is the isthmus

A

Opens four days after fertilization

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16
Q

What are the six functions of the uterus

A

Reception of fertilized ova, sperm transport, luteolysis, environment for pre-attachment of embryo, nutrition and production of fetus, expulsion of fetus and placenta

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17
Q

What does luteolysis trigger

A

The release of prostaglandins that start proestrus If you’re not pregnant.

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18
Q

What does the shape of the uterus depend on

A

Species, horns and body vary

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19
Q

Describe marsupial reproductive organs

A

Marsupials have a hemipene and females have a transitial vagina

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20
Q

How many incisions do rabbits and marsupials require to deliver by C-section

A

Two. One per horn

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21
Q

Describe the layers of the uterus from outside to inside

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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22
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Tone with estrogen, used to transport sperm. Low tone present from progesterone minimizes fetal movement. Inner layer changes during the cycle at endometrium

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23
Q

When does a pyo occur

A

2 months after heat

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24
Q

What is pus

A

Accumulation of neutrophils

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25
Q

What happens when we have a Pyo

A

We often get anemia secondary to chronic infection

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26
Q

Describe the cervix

A

Close access to uterus from vagina, opens only during estrus or parturition. It’s folds can make artificial insemination difficult. Cervix also secretes mucus and can have single or multiple folds.

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27
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Acts as a copulatory organ, and to pass newborns. Caudal vagina has stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells are modified by hormonal changes. During estrus the vagina thickens dramatically and prevents microbes from gaining entrance to vasculature of the submucosa.

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28
Q

What is andrology

A

The study of the male reproductive system

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29
Q

Describe the hymen

A

Connection from the vagina to the vestibule or volva

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30
Q

What is the urethra

A

It is where we catheterize for urine. Enters into the vagina

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31
Q

What is the vestibule

A

Two labia, clitoris, arise from the primitive cloaca

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32
Q

Describe the Bony structure of the pelvis

A 
Sacrum
️caudal vertebrae 
Ossa coxarum (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Acetabulum 
Ligaments - sacroiliac, sacrosciatic, prepublication tendon
Pelvic inlet
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33
Q

What does Mono estrus Mean

A

One estrous cycle per year

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34
Q

What does polyestrous mean

A

Many estrus cycles per year

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35
Q

What is a seasonal polyestrous

A

One estrous cycle per season

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36
Q

What is the follicular phase

A

More estrogen (proestrus, estrus). The time the follicle predominates

37
Q

What is the luteal phase

A

When the corpus luteum predominates (metestrus)

38
Q

What is proestrus

A

Graafian follicle is growing under the influence of FSH causing estrogen to be produced

39
Q

What is estrus

A

Desire. Estrogen causes cilia to move in oviducts. Lutenizing hormone is released and triggers ovulation. Some induced Ovulators require coitis before luteinizing hormone surge occurs.( Cats rabbits ferrets)

40
Q

Describe metestrus

A

Corpus luteum starts to grow due to luteinizing hormone

41
Q

Describe diestrus

A

corpus luteum is mature and produces progesterone

42
Q

Describe Anestrus

A

Menopause. Ovaries are not currently working

43
Q

What are the signs of estrus

A

Agitation, decreased appetite, vocalization, discharge, mounting

44
Q

What is gestation

A

The period from fertilization to parturition. Early deaths of the early embryo with reabsorption is considered sterile

45
Q

What is abortion

A

Delivery of a dead fetus

46
Q

What is birth

A

Delivery of an alive fetus

47
Q

What is embryology

A

Study of development and growth of the individual embryo

48
Q

What is teratology

A

Study of drugs with pregnancy

49
Q

What is implantation

A

When blastocysts nest into the endometrium

50
Q

What is the period of the embryo

A

Evolution of a blastocyst

51
Q

What is the period of fetal development

A

Evolution of development of organs and animal shape. Is the dangerous period If exposed to chemicals

52
Q

What is the third period

A

The period of fetal growth

53
Q

What is the fetal membrane and placenta function

A

Protection, transfer nutrients, remove waste, secrete hormones

54
Q

What is the meconium

A

The first stool of the new born

55
Q

Describe the attachment of a fetus to uterus

A

The placenta

56
Q

What is a fetal placenta called

A

Chorioallantois

57
Q

What is the maternal placenta called

A

Endometrium

58
Q

Describe the classification of placenta

A

Damage caused to the endometrium, microscopic appearance, histologic appearance

59
Q

Describe a deciduous placenta

A

Causes a lot of damage (cats, dogs, humans)

60
Q

Describe a non-deciduous placenta

A

Won’t cause much damage

61
Q

Describe a defused placenta

A

Uniform villous attachment (horse/ pig)

62
Q

Describe a cotyledonary placenta

A

Cotyledon of the chorioallantois contacts the caruncles of the endometrium (placentome)

63
Q

Describe a zonary placenta

A

Band of villous attachment (carnivore)

64
Q

Describe a discoid placenta

A

The disk area of a placenta (primates, rodents)

65
Q

How do you histologically classify placentas

A

The method is based on the number of layers between the maternal and fetal blood

66
Q

What do more layers mean

A

Less antibodies between mom and baby

67
Q

What is epitheliochorial

A

Has all 6 layers (horse, pig)

68
Q

What is syndesmochorial mean

A

Has 5 layers, epithelium of uterus is gone (cows)

69
Q

What is endotheliochorial

A

4 layers, epithelium and c.t of uterus is gone. Chorionic epithelium of the fetus is in direct contact with the endothelium of the endometrium (which has capillaries) (carnivores)

70
Q

What is hemochorial mean

A

3 layers, blood vessel of endometrium is in direct contact with chorion (no maternal endothelium). So there is more exchange of antibodies, as well as possible immune reactions (humans)

71
Q

What is hemoendothelial

A

Only one layer present, maternal blood is in contact with capillary bed of chorionic epithelium (Lagomorpha and rodents)

72
Q

What is the classification of a ruminant placenta

A

Non deciduous cotyledonary syndesmochorial placentation

73
Q

Describe a canine placenta

A

Deciduous zonary endotheliochorial placentation

74
Q

Describe a human placenta

A

Deciduous discoid hemochorial placentation

75
Q

Describe puerperal changes

A

The cervical Canal is closed by mucous plug developing from the first month and projecting through the external cervical opening. There are gestational affects on other systems such as a displaced stomach and intestine, decreased blood return from vena cava. Pressure of the thorax decreases pulmonary ventilation during pregnancy.

76
Q

What is Parturition

A

Includes the various physiological processes of the birth of young including the delivery of the fetus and placenta and the involution of the uterus. Animals must be fed a balance ration in an amount to provide the necessary food groups so that at parturition she is neither fat nor thin

77
Q

What should the temperature be during parturition

A

85 to 95°F

78
Q

What are the signs of parturition

A

Each becomes quieter, the vulva becomes flaccid, enlarged and Edematous. Increased respiratory rate and panting occurs and all species could interrupt the birth process if disturbed

79
Q

Describe stage 1 of parturition

A

Time varies depending on Species
Contractions occur, visible or nonvisible depending on the species. Restless, anxious, panting, nesting, body temperature rises, chorioallantois can break and leak out

80
Q

Describe stage 2 of parturition

A

Expulsion of the fetus. Time varies on species (canine 15 min, 6 hours cow, horse 1-2hr). Time also varies on litter. Amnion can break or be presented in the sac

81
Q

Describe stage 3 of parturition

A

Passing of the placenta. 20-30 mins. If retained- problem. Usually comes out after each pup or kitten

82
Q

Describe the post partium period

A

Uterine involution. Depending on placenta type and endometrial damage. Can be as little as 4 weeks to 3 months.

83
Q

What is lochia

A

Accumulation of debris in uterus post partium. Black green material which exits uterus, not smelly, normal discharge. It can last 2 weeks. Only a concern of animal not feeling well or newborn is doing poorly.

84
Q

What is the embryonic stage of lactation

A

Cellular differentiation from other tissues

85
Q

What is the pre puberty stage of lactation

A

Increase in connective and adipose tissue, no glandular tissue.

86
Q

Describe the post puberty stage of lactation

A

Development of secretory cells and canals, effect of many hormones.

87
Q

Describe the gestation stage of lactation

A

Most of the development takes place, especially near the end.

88
Q

Describe the beginning of lactation stage of lactation

A

Maximum amount of milk produced is not reached

89
Q

How milk is ejected

A

Nerve receptors in skin, nerve, hypothalamus, oxytocin released, action on myoepithelial cells, milk ejection

Breeding And Reproduction (3 decks)

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