Lecture 1 & 2& 3,4,5&6 Flashcards by Chasiney Swarn

Anatomy

Study of structure

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physiology

Study of function

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Levels of organization :Abiotic

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles

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Atoms

92 naturally occurring atoms

25 essential for life

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Molecules

Building blocks

Monomers (simplest level of molecular organization )

Amino acids ,glucose,fatty acids

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Macromolecules

Polymers

Proteins,carbohydrates,triglycerides

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Organelles

Structures found within the cell

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Levels or organization biotic

Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system
Organism

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cellular level

Smallest unit of life

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Tissue level

A tissue is a group of similar cells

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Organ level

An organ is a group of tissues

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Organ system

A group of cooperating organs

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Organism

living individual composed of all these parts functioning together

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Histology

Study of tissues

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Four primary tissue types

Epithelial
connective
Muscle
Nerons

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epithelial

Covering surround internal organ ex :skin

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Connective

Support,most diverse,in between organs

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Muscle

Movement

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Nervous

Control communication

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4 main functions of epithelial tissue

Physical protection ex skin
selective permeability …Allow for specific substances to move through
secretion …..gland produce hormones
Sensation… nerve ending giving ability to fill things

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6 primary characteristics of epithelial tissue

1Cellularity-girls packed in tight next to each other
2Polarity-2 side (apical-external& basal-internal)
3 attachment-basal Surface connected to other tissues
4 Avascularity-no vessels don’t bleed
5 innervation- allow sensation
6 reservation-cell replaced flake off new come

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Classification of epithelial tissue # of layers

Simple 1 layer
Stratified : more than 1
Pseudo stratified:1 later looks like more than one

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Classification of Epithelia

Shape of cell

Squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional….. change shape ex…like bladder

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Stratified Main function posssible quiz question

protection

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Simple epithelium function possible quiz question

Diffusion or allow things to pass over at selectively Premable

Connective tissue extra cellular matrix

Very diverse | Share embryonic origin mesoderm

Six main functions of connective tissue

1 . Protection (bone) 2. Support & framework(bone) 3. Bring together tissues (ligaments) 4. Storage (adipose) = fat 5. transport fluids & dissolve materials (blood,lypmph) 6. Defense Micro organisms (blood, lymph)

Cartlidge what type of tissue

connective tissue

Connective tissue proper loose

1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3.recticular Fewer fibers more ground substances

Tissue proper dense

More fiber less ground substances 1. regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic

Supporting connective tissue | BONE

Solid matrix 1. hyaline 2. Fibrocartlidge 3. Elastic

Supportive connective tissue Cartlidge

Semi solid matrix 1. compact 2. spongy

Fluid connective tissue

Blood lymph

Made of cells called Fibers

muscle tissue

Main function movement still become active and results cause movement

Muscle tissue

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle:any type of voluntary muscle Cardiac: muscle heart Smooth :named based on appearance

Involuntary | Digestive tract blood muscle

Smooth muscle

Arm leg stomach muscle tissue is ....

skeletal muscle tissues

nervous tissue two cell types

neurons.....Glial cells

20% excitability in - start shaped cells - produce $ send electoral signals

Neurons

80% support & protect nerons - not excitable,none conductive ,can not produce electrical signals - functions support & protection or nerons

Glial cells

State of relative stays within acceptable limits

homeostasis

State of relative constancy of the internal environment

homeostasis

10 of the 11 major body systems contribute to what

homeostasis

Homeostasis regulation factors

1 Centration of nutrients-read it for ATP 2. Concentration of O2 and CO2 3. Concentration of waste products-urea,Uric acid 4. PH(acidic) 5. Concentration of water salt and electrolytes 6. Volumein pressure(air ventilation breathing) 7. Temperature fo

Maintenance of homeostasis the body must be able to what 2 things

1. detect change an internal Environment | 2. Adjust internal appropriately

Need oxygen in process of producing what

ATP

Need carbon dioxide as a byproduct

ATP

Things go wrong if off

Blood ph 7.35-7.45 neutral

Mechanisms that are built in or inherent an organ local organ be affect with change

Intrinsic

Mechanism initiate it outside in Organ to alter the organs activity -regulation of several organs towards a common goal

Extrinsic control

Overrrides intrinsic control

Extrinsic control

Two systems involved in extrinsic control

Nervous, endocrine

Extrinsic control is accomplished through what

Negative feedback

A response that seeks a restore homeostasis to normal by moving the factor in the opposite direction of its initial change

Negative feedback

There are four major components to negative feedback

1. Set point (homeostasis) acceptable range 2. sensor (detect) what’s going on 3. intergrator ....process make decisions (brain) 4. effector ...responder

1. normal body temp 2. increase temp detector notice increase temp. 3. hypthalmas in Brian send signal to brain 4. blood vessels in skin dialate more blood flaws in skin and sweet glands decrease blood temp.

1set point 2sensor 3integrator 4effector

The output enhance a change so that the variable continue to move in the direction of initial change

Positive feedback

multiplying process

Antibody production

Formation vessel burst clothes off explosion of platelet formation

Blood clot

Basic unit of life the smallest. The smallest unit able to carry out life processes

Cells

Three subdivisions that make up a cell

Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Function to be outside of the cell acts ass barrier

Plasma membrane

Organelles,cytoskeleton & cytosol

Cytoplasm

Structures inside cell

Organelles

Jelly like fluid makes up other space

Cytosol

Protein production

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

Function post office cell Make the final finish duct of protein Modify,package & sort material from ER

Holy apparatus

Function Power house cell Produce atp Biggest place ATP OCCURS IN mitochordria

Mitochondria

ProduceATP

Mitochondria

Produce hormones

Endoplasmic recticolumn

Producing and breaking down of energy

Metabolism

All the reaction in the body that involve energy transformation are collectively known as

metabolism

Tablet reaction that requires the presence of oxygen

Aerobic

metabolic reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Electron transport train

Glycolysis,citric acid cycle & the electron transport chain

Glycolysis 3 things

Anaerobic Location:cytosoplasm Product:2 ATP

Critic acid cycle 3 things

Aerobic Location:mitochondria product 2atp

Electron transport 3 things

Aerobic Location:mitochondria matrix product: 28 atp