Lecture 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
5 Steps of Standard Precautions:
Education
Handwashing
Protective barriers
Cleaning contaminated surfaces
Safe handling/disposal of contaminated materials
Additional Isolation Precautions:
Contact Precaution
Droplet Precaution
Airborne Precaution
Contact Precaution:
PPE: Wear gown & gloves
Examples: Clostridium difficile, norovirus
Droplet Precaution:
Gown, Surgical masks, goggles/face shield, gloves
Reduce risk of transmission of large droplets>5
- Examples: mumps, pertussis, influenza
Airborne Precaution:
PPE: Gown, Gloves, Goggles/face shield, N95 respirator
Reduce risk of inhalation of infectious agents less than 5 microns in size
- Examples: tuberculosis, chicken pox, disseminated zoster
Donning PPE:
Hand Hygiene
Gown
Mask/N95
Eyewear
Gloves
Doffing PPE
- Gloves first- discard,
- Gown next starting with waist ties then neck and pull forward
- Hand Hygiene more than 15 seconds
- Then eye protection
- Then mask
- Hand hygiene
What can be found in a Spill Kit?
Additional PPE
Paper towels, swabs, and additional absorbent materials or spill sock to contain large spills
Forceps for picking up broken glass or sharp objects
Disinfectant
What are the general chemical storage guidelines?
Secure location
Large containers on lower shelves
Store liquids below eye level
What is a Water fire extinguishers used for?
Class A fire: ordinary combustible materials, such as cloth, wood, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
What is a Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers used for?
Class B: flammable and combustible liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, oil-based paints, lacquers.
What is an A-B-C Dry Chemical fire extinguishers used for?
Class A: ordinary combustible materials, such as cloth, wood, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
Class B: flammable and combustible liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, oil-based paints, lacquers.
Class C: energized electrical equipment
What is a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher used for?
Class D: combustible metals - magnesium, sodium (spills and in depth), potassium, sodium-potassium alloys uranium, and powdered aluminum.
PASS technique for using fire Extinguishers:
PULL and turn the locking pine to break the seal
AIM low
SQUEEZE the handle
SWEEP side to side
4 moments of hand hygiene:
- Clean your hands when entering a patient’s room
- Clean your hands after any aseptic procedure
- Clean your hands after any exposure risk to body fluids and after glove removal
- Clean after leaving patient’s room
Eyewash station Procedure:
- Proceed directly to the eye/face wash station.
- Activate the unit by pushing the handle (sometimes there is a pedal on the floor as well).
- Hold eyelids open with your thumb and forefingers, roll eyeballs back and forth so fluid flows on all surfaces of the eye and under eyelids.
- Flush eye or face for a minimum of 15 minutes.
- Seek medical treatment.
Emergency Shower and Procedure:
- Proceed directly to shower.
- Activate shower by pulling on a chain or pull-rod.
- Begin to remove clothing while under the shower.
- Flush body and skin for a minimum of 15 minutes.
- Seek medical treatment.
Volumetric Glassware
Volumetric glassware measures accurate volumes
Volumetric glassware must…
- High quality
- Transparent
- Free from irregularities/defects
Granulated Glassware
- Piece of glassware with calibrated markings
- Used for liquid measurements – Measures approximate volumes
- Degree of accuracy is poor as compared to volumetric glassware
To Deliver:
These vessels are calibrated to deliver the volume designated on the pipette.
To contain:
These vessels are calibrated to contain a specific amount of liquid but are not necessarily calibrated to deliver that exact amount.
Volumetric Pipette:
When emptying a volumetric pipette, the liquid is allowed to drain out
NOT blow-out pipettes
Ostwald Folin pipette:
- Designed to deliver a fixed volume
- Similar to the volumetric pipette except the bulb is closer to the bottom of the pipette
- Calibrated from the mark to the end of the tip
- Blow out pipette
- Primarily used for more viscous fluids like blood or serum
Serological pipette
- Graduation marks down to the tip
- Blow out
Mohr Pipette
- The volume contained in the space between the last calibration mark and the tip is not know
- Calibrated between 0 and a mark on the stem
Beaker
Typically made of borosilicate glass
general mixing/reagent preparation
Erlenmeyer Flask
reagent preparation
Florence Flask
- Designed for uniform heating and ease of swirling
- Often made of borosilicate glass coated with alkali to prevent cracks
Test Tubes
Typically made of flint glass
Reagent Bottles
Reagents are stored in bottles of one form or another
Volumetric Flask
- Used to contain or measure a very precise and accurate amount of a liquid
- Used to prepare solutions of known concentration
Polyolefins-polyethylene(PE) & Polypropylene(PP):
Most common
No reaction most chemicals
Not good at higher temps
Polycarbonate resin
Heat and scratch resistant
Glasslike
Tygon
clear
can be autoclaved or chemically sterilized
Teflon Fluorocarbon
Can withstand high and low temperatures
Bottles, beakers
Polystyrene
inexpensive
styrofoam
Borosilicate Glass
high thermal resistance (high and low temps)
resistant to chemicals
Alumina
High silica
Radiation, heat resistant
Used for high precision
Acid/Alkali
Resistant to corrosion and thermal
Soft glass
Bottles and beakers
Flint Glass
Least expensive
Poor for high temp and shatters
Test Tubes
Low Actinic Glass
Brown
Storage of light sensitive materials
Disadvantages of Plasticware:
Some leaching into solutions
Some permeability to water vapor
Some absorption of dyes, stains, proteins
Some oxidizing agents will affect plastics
Some are soluble in toluene, chloroform
Some may be affected by sunlight
Some organic solvents can evaporate through walls of plastic bottles
Some cannot be heated
What is the emergency shower procedure:
- Proceed to the nearest shower for splashes involving large skin areas or the nearest drench hose for splashes involving small areas of the skin
- While removing contaminated clothing, rinse affected areas thoroughly with copious amounts of water for a full 15 minutes
What is the eyewash station procedure:
- Proceed to the nearest eye wash and activate it
- Rinse the eyes, holding the lids open if necessary, for a full 15 minutes
- If the victim is a contact lens wearer wash with water for one minute, remove the lenses and then continue washing for 15 minutes
What is the relative uncertainty equation?
Relative uncertainty= absolute uncertainty/Measurement value x 100
Accuracy:
Closeness to true volume
Precision:
Reproducibility
Describe the steps for dealing with a small (less than 10ml) biological spill:
- Proper PPE
- Cover the spilled material with paper towels to avoid splashing
- Gently pour disinfectant onto the paper towels, working in a circular motion, from the outside to the center.
- Wait 30 minutes
- Remove the towels with forceps
- Repeat steps 2-4
Describe the steps for cleaning a large biological spill
- Hold your breath and move away from the spill
- Inform others in the area and move out of the room for 10-30 minutes to allow aerosols to disperse and settle
- Follow procedures for small spills (cover the spill with paper towels, pour disinfectant, wait 30 minutes, remove the paper towels)
Describe how to deal with a spill in a biological safety cabinet:
- Leave the fan on
- Follow procedures for small spills
- If spilled material goes through perforated work surface or grilles to catch tray beneath, pour disinfectant to dilute spill tenfold
- Let stand for 30 minutes, drain tray through drain cock, and clean
Describe how to deal with broken tubes in a centrifuge:
- Turn off the centrifuge
- Don PPE
- If the tubes are in sealed safety buckets, go to step 8. If the tubes are contained within unsealed cups or rotor, inform others in the vicinity, and do not open the centrifuge for 30 minutes to allow aerosols to disperse and settle.
- After the 30 minutes have elapsed, slowly open the centrifuge lid, remove all broken tubes, buckets, rotors, etc to a basin of disinfectant, which is non-corrosive; Let stand for the time recommended for the chosen disinfectant. These items may be autoclaved instead.
- Place any unbroken capped specimens in disinfectant for the recommended time, then remove, rinse, and process.
- Wipe down the bowl of the centrifuge twice with disinfectant and rinse with water, then dry.
- Dispose of the wipe-down cloths as infectious.
- Remove sealed bucket to a biological safety cabinet
- If any tubes are broken, leave them in bucket, replace the lid of the bucket loosely, and autoclave the entire contents or place in disinfectant.
Describe the four classes of fires:
Class A: Combustible solids ( paper, wood, plastic, textiles, cardboard, etc)
Class B: Liquid fuels such as organic solvents and oils
Class C: Electrical fires
Class D: Flammable metals (sodium and potassium)
What gets placed in large biohazard boxes (brutes) or benchtop biohazard containers?
Contaminated non-sharps
-microbiology plates
-Gloves that are visibly contaminated with blood/ bodily fluids
What gets placed in a sharps container (benchtop)?
Contaminated sharps
-Lancets
-used needles
What get placed in a biohazard sharps pail?
Other contaminated sharps
-used glass slides
-used glass pipettes
-used glass test tubes
Non-contaminated sharps
-broken glass tubes, unused
-unused glass slides
What get placed in the regular lab garbage?
Non-contaminated non-sharps
-gloves
-paper towel
-gauze
