Lecture 1 + 2

Question 1

Gina is 4-years older than Johnny. Gina is 2x older than Johnny. How old is Johnny?

Answer 1

johnny = 4

Question 2

Science is described as these 7 things

Answer 2

Empirical
Rational
Testable
Parsimonious
Explainable
Tentative
Reliable

Question 3

What is science

Answer 3

subset of knowledge (within an area) that has been learned/verified by scientific methods

Question 4

what is information

Answer 4

description(statement/other form) of expression

Question 5

what is fact

Answer 5

information that has been verified to be true

Question 6

what is knowledge

Answer 6

knowledge is the collection of facts and info by a person

Question 7

what is epistemology

Answer 7

the study of knowledge

Question 8

Gina can paint a wall in 1 hour. Johnny can paint the same wall in 2 hours. How much time should they need to paint the same wall together?

Answer 8

combined work = gina’s time + johnnys time
combined work = 1 + 1/2
combined work = 3/2 (walls per hour)

time required = 1/combined work
time required = 1/(3/2)
time required = 2/3 (hours per wall)

therefore they would need 2/3 of an hour (40 min)

Question 9

What is a manuscript

Answer 9

what author’s original written work before undergoing any changes.

Question 10

who submits the manuscript to the publication venue for consideration?

Answer 10

corresponding author

Question 11

who does the first read to make sure the manuscript is within scope

Answer 11

handling editor

Question 12

what are referees

Answer 12

other scientists who are given the manuscript who are believed to be able to comment on the quality of the manuscript
they write a referee report that states their opinions and any advice to improve the quality of the manuscript

Question 13

An editor will

Answer 13

collect the referee reports and decide either
- accept for publication, no revisions
- accept for publication with minor revisions
- accept for publication with major revisions
- reject the manuscript

Question 14

if a manuscript is accepted with minor/major revisions the author may submit a

Answer 14

revised version and a point-by-point response letter showing they considered their peers comments. this will either be published or sent back for further review

Question 15

What is the scientific method

Answer 15

1.) observing
- notice something of interest in a situation
2.) recognizing/defining
- using observations to recognize open questions/define problems
3.) hypothesizing
- using observations/other knowledge to infer solutions to questions/problems
4.) testing
- create a controlled model/strategic test to evaluate hypothesis/predictions

Question 16

What did Edwin Smith do

Answer 16

discovered a papyrus in 182 that dated back to 2600(~)

describes battlefield injuries and surgical treatments

considered the earliest known medical document and contain essential elements of the scientific method

Question 17

What did greek philosophy add to the scientific method

Answer 17

4th century BC

deductive reasoning (form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn logically from accepted premises) (top-down)

inductive reasoning (form of reasoning in which inference is generated based on observations) (bottom-up)

Question 18

8th-15th century scientific method history is

Answer 18

islamic science

Question 19

what occurred in 12-16th century for scientific method

Answer 19

european science

extended deductive reasoning with controlled experimentation

increased an emphasis on mathematics to create general theory

introduced parsimony (explanation should be as simple as possible and contain just enough terms to explain the facts - Ockham’s Razor)

Question 20

what happened in 16th-18th century AD for scientific methodology

Answer 20

1543, Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” which theorized the earth was not the center-point of the universe

1655 Hooke published “Micrographia” the first book too describe observations using a microscope

end of 18th century, experimental research was regarded as the best strategy for learning

Question 21

in his 1934 book “the logic of scientific discovery” __ introduced

Answer 21

Popper.

introduced the concept of falsifiability as a way to determine if a statement was scientific

Question 22

how is the scientific method used in forensic science

Answer 22

used to inform legal investigations

usually investigating crimes

(uncertainty) limited access to information

(human error) being wrong has significant consequences

(misunderstandings) communicating findings to a non-technical audience

we use systematic and validated approaches to minimize these challenges

Question 23

a 12ft tree casts a 8ft shadow. at the same time, gina casts a 4ft shadow. johnny is half as tall as gina. how tall is gina?

Answer 23

height/shadow = c

hTree/sTree = 12/8
3/2

3/2 = hGina/4

(4 * 3)/2 = hGina

6 = hGina

Question 24

what are SOPs

Answer 24

Standard Operating Procedures

they’re formally documented instructions for routine tasks/activities (like protocols, worksheets, etc.)

• minimize variation and promote consistent use of procedures
• ensure compliance with organization/governmental requirements
• improve training, minimize safety concerns and increase efficiency
• improve comparability, credibility and legal defensibility

Question 25

describe the case study: bad business model

Answer 25

BACKGROUND:
- Dr. Ana F. B. Andrade

• brazil homicide rate = 27.1/100000 due mostly to arms and drug trafficking
• 2014, starting seizing blotter papers containing 2C-I (psychedelic phenethylamine - PiHKAL)
• 2C-I identified using standard gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (+ SOP parameters)
• found ~2mg of 2C-I on blotter papers (ana’s team didn’t believe it because the minimum # of 2C-I required for effect is 14g)
• tried samples with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
• LC chromatogram showed a single spike
• MS1 showed 2 mass fragment spikes (1 = 2C-I // 2 = C17H20INO3)
• tried FTIR and NMR analysis and found 25I-NBOH (psychedelic phenethylamine ~12x more potent than 2C-I)

WHAT WAS WRONG WITH THEIR SOP?:
- nothing, their routine analysis of GC-MS was the right tool to use

• but 25I-NBOH is a thermally labile compound so it fragments to 2C-I under the heat of a GC-MS injector
• authors since developed a new SOP of MC-MS analysis of 25I-NBOH so it won’t be misidentified

Question 26

T/F SOPs are useful and should be followed to the T

Answer 26

False: are useful but not used “blindly” - make sure they make sense.

Question 27

who said:
“Critical thinking is reasonable. reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe and what to do”

Answer 27

R. Ennis

Question 28

who said:
“Critical thinking is about your thinking, while you’re thinking, in order to make your thinking better”

Answer 28

R. Paul

Question 29

who said:
“Critical thinking is skillful, responsible thinking that is conductive to good judgment because it is sensitive to context, relies on criteria, and is self-correcting”

Answer 29

M. Lipman

Question 30

what are the features of critical thinking?

Answer 30

• reflective
• involves standards
• authentic
• reasonable/mindful
• not necessarily negative
• not fast

Question 31

what are the 3 parts of critical thinking?

Answer 31

1.) asking questions
2.) trying to answer those questions by reasoning
3.) believing the result of our reasoning