Lecture 1

Question 1

What are institutions?

Answer 1

They are the formal and informal rules, patterns, behaviours, organizations, and structure that we live by

o they shape the way we behave, plan, value things, etc.
o it stands for somethings→ gives meaning

• institutions CAN be organizations but does not necessarily have to be one
  o Example 1: marriage is an example for institutions that is not an organization → has a set of formal rules attached to it→ BUT it is also an institution in an informal way, since we all also have our own
  interpretations on how the rules are in a marriage
  ➢ it is valued by individuals→ thus an institution in a formal as well as a material way

o Example 2: coming together with a group of individuals and discussing certain topics with one another

➢ This causes an institutionalizing → it is socially constructed, because we as humans invent it, it
governs our expectations, it coordinated our behaviour, etc.

Question 2

What are the 3 versions of safety and security management according to lecture 1?

Answer 2

1.0: Safety engineering
1. Production/organisation as a point of departure
2. Risk analysis: prob x impact
3. Hazard/risk analysis, mitigating measures, incident analysis

2.0: Humanised safety management system (1980s)
1. Safety engineering, incorporating human factors
2. Just culture, depends on leadership

3.0: Network/governance safety management system
1. Humanised + inter-organisation/network governance + institutional context
2. Mosts risks do not happen within an organisation, but in between organisations
1. Another layer is needed: collaboration & institute

Question 3

What is the shift in governance of security?

Answer 3

Now: Public Administration (PA) Paradigm
● Government: applying and administering law

Shift to: New Public Management Paradigm
● Run the government like a business: not just the law but also funding to uphold the
law

Question 4

How do organisations as institutions work? Scott, Lecture 1

Answer 4

3 pillars:
1. Regulative (rules)
1. Rules, laws, and sanctions to comply
2. “If you do not publish papers, you do not get paid or booted”

2. Normative (norms)
3. Social obligation to comply
4. “You’re a good scholar if you publish many papers”
5. Cultural-cognitive (beliefs)
6. Common beliefs, shared logics; you put on shoes to go outside
7. “She published a paper so I should too”

Question 5

What is Institutional Logic?

Answer 5

Institutional logics are the social “rules of the game” that shape how people and organizations behave, based on shared values, beliefs, and practices within a specific context.

Institutional logic:
● Orgs as institutions: bounded rationality, SOP (standard operating procedure) and
organisational narrow-mindedness
● Orgs operate in an institutional field: a similarity of the processes or structure of one
organization to those of another,
● This field provides institutional logic; most common market, state and social community

Question 6

Why do institutional logics matter?

Answer 6

1. Shape/Curb institutional behaviour. E.g. risk attitude or safety routines (culture)
2. Explain boundries of organisation with regard to safety manigement (cost benifit proportionality)
3. Explain institutional conflict and institutional allignment in institutional allignment in safety goernance networks