Lecture 1

Question 2

How can computing be conceptually viewed?

Answer 2

As another utility, like electricity, water, or gas.

Question 3

What do computer clouds provide?

Answer 3

Computing services.

Question 4

What is utility computing?

Answer 4

A model where users pay for computing, storage, and communication resources as they consume them.

Question 5

What is the focus of cloud computing?

Answer 5

The business model for providing computing services.

Question 6

Who predicted that computing could be organized as a public utility?

Answer 6

John McCarthy.

Question 7

What significant changes did cloud computing require?

Answer 7

Changes in data storage, computer architecture, networking, resource management, scheduling, and security.

Question 8

What made cloud computing possible?

Answer 8

The Internet and fast communication.

Question 9

What is the Internet of Things (IoT) related to?

Answer 9

The evolution of cloud computing.

Question 10

What will the vast computational resources of the cloud be used for?

Answer 10

Design and engineering, scientific discovery, education, business, analytics, art, and more.

Question 11

What allows anyone with a credit card to provision virtual hardware and services?

Answer 11

Cloud computing.

Question 12

What is a limitation of cloud computing regarding services?

Answer 12

Often limited to a single service or a set of related services from the same vendor.

Question 13

What is the long-term vision of cloud computing?

Answer 13

IT services traded as utilities in an open market.

Question 14

What technological advances contributed to the success of cloud computing?

Answer 14

Software, networking, storage, and processor technologies.

Question 15

What is a challenge related to the availability of service?

Answer 15

What happens when the service provider cannot deliver?

Question 16

What is vendor lock-in?

Answer 16

Difficulty in moving to another cloud service provider once committed.

Question 17

What are data confidentiality and auditability concerns?

Answer 17

Issues related to the security and verification of data in the cloud.

Question 18

What is performance unpredictability?

Answer 18

A consequence of resource sharing in cloud environments.

Question 19

What does elasticity refer to in cloud computing?

Answer 19

The ability to scale up and down quickly.

Question 20

Name a few major cloud computing vendors.

Answer 20

• Amazon Web Services
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Cloud
• Alibaba Cloud
• Oracle Cloud Platform
• IBM Cloud
• DigitalOcean
• Salesforce
• RackSpace

Question 21

What are the five main technologies that help realize cloud computing?

Answer 21

• Distributed systems
• Virtualization
• Web 2.0
• Service orientation
• Utility computing

Question 22

What is a distributed system?

Answer 22

A collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system.

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of distributed systems?

Answer 23

To share resources and utilize them better.

Question 24

What are the three major milestones that led to cloud computing?

Answer 24

• Mainframe Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing

Question 25

What is virtualization?

Answer 25

A core technology for cloud computing that abstracts fundamental elements for computing.

Question 26

What does hardware virtualization allow?

Answer 26

Coexistence of different software stacks on the same hardware.

Question 27

What is Web 2.0?

Answer 27

A set of technologies and services facilitating interactive information sharing and collaboration.

Question 28

What are some examples of Web 2.0 applications?

Answer 28

* Google Documents * Google Maps * Flickr * Facebook * Twitter * YouTube * Wikipedia

Question 29

What is service orientation in cloud computing?

Answer 29

An approach that adopts services as the main building blocks for application and system development.

Question 30

What does a service represent in service-oriented computing?

Answer 30

A self-describing and platform-agnostic component that performs functions.

Question 31

What are two important concepts introduced by service-oriented computing?

Answer 31

* Quality of Service (QoS) * Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

Question 32

What is utility-oriented computing?

Answer 32

A vision defining a service-provisioning model for computing.

Question 33

What are the two important concepts introduced by service-oriented computing?

Answer 33

Quality of Service (QoS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) ## Footnote These concepts are fundamental to cloud computing.

Question 34

Define utility computing.

Answer 34

A service-provisioning model for compute services where resources are packaged and offered on a pay-per-use basis.

Question 35

What resources are included in utility computing?

Answer 35

* Storage * Compute power * Applications * Infrastructure

Question 36

Utility computing likens computing services to which types of utilities?

Answer 36

* Natural gas * Water * Power * Telephone connection

Question 37

What has made utility computing a reality today?

Answer 37

The advent of cloud computing.

Question 38

What is Fog Computing?

Answer 38

A decentralized computing model that extends cloud computing to the edge of the network.

Question 39

True or False: Fog Computing is a centralized model.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Identify and describe one technology that enabled Fog Computing.

Answer 40

Examples include IoT devices, edge gateways, and fog nodes.