Lecture 1

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

Question 2

In vitro

Answer 2

In a culture dish

Question 3

In vivo

Answer 3

In a living creature

Question 4

Phase I clinical trials

Answer 4

Test on healthy human volunteers for safety and metabolism

Question 5

Phase II clinical trials

Answer 5

Tests for effectiveness on people with the particular disease

Question 6

Phase III clinical trials

Answer 6

All sexes, ages, ethnicities people with multiple health conditions

Question 7

Stage IV

Answer 7

Skip early stages to test for other purposes

Question 8

3 regulated variables

Answer 8

Composition oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium, calcium)
Temperature
Volume (blood)

Question 9

Set point

Answer 9

Normal “desired” value of a regulated variable

Question 10

Error signal

Answer 10

Difference between actual value and set point

Question 11

Sensor

Answer 11

Cells sensitive to the variable in question

Question 12

Integrating center

Answer 12

Receives signals from sensors and compares to the regulated variable to the set point and relays signal to effectors

Question 13

Effectors

Answer 13

Cells, tissues, or organs that bring about the final response

Question 14

Error signal for negative feedback

Answer 14

Smaller

Question 15

Body temp

Answer 15

37°C

Question 16

Negative feedback regulation

Answer 16

End result or product triggers response to stop

Question 17

Antagonistic effectors

Answer 17

Opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions, common in homeostasis

Question 18

Dynamic constancy

Answer 18

Certain normal range, variation within an acceptable range

Question 19

Antagonistic effectors example

Answer 19

Sweating / shivering

Question 20

Stopping positive feedback loop

Answer 20

Removing the original stimulus, or by limiting the system’s ability to respond to that stimulus

Question 21

Positive feedback loop example

Answer 21

Pituitary stand releases LH which stimulates ovaries to release estrogen which triggers the release of more LH triggering ovulation
Ovulation inhibits ovaries ability to secrete estrogen ending the loop

Question 22

Intrinsic regulation

Answer 22

Cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond

Question 25

Intrinsic regulation example

Answer 25

↑ pressure in blood vessels causes stretch which triggers vessel to constrict

Question 26

Extrinsic regulation

Answer 26

Brain or other organs) regulates a different organ using the endocrine or nervous system via chemical or electrical signals

Question 27

Levels of organization

Answer 27

Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms

Question 28

4 tissue types

Answer 28

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Question 29

Exocrine gland

Answer 29

Secrete product into a duct leading to the external environment

Question 30

Exocrine gland examples

Answer 30

Sweat/ salivary

Question 31

Endocrine glands

Answer 31

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Question 32

Endocrine examples

Answer 32

Pituitary and adrenal

Question 33

Intracellular compartment

Answer 33

Inside cells, 65% of total body water

Question 34

Extracellular compartment

Answer 34

Outside cells includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid