Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the characteristics that define life ?

Answer 1

Cellular organisation, Reproduction, Metabolism, Heredity, Response to stimuli, Growth and development, and adaptation through evolution.

Question 2

Cells and organelles are measured in?

Answer 2

micrometres (um)- microns

Question 3

Cells include…

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells

Question 4

Eukaryotic cells are … (Scale of life)

Answer 4

10 - 100 um

Question 5

Prokaryotic cells are… (scale of life)

Answer 5

< 5 um

Question 6

Organelles include

Answer 6

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 7

Mitochondria is….(scale of life)

Answer 7

1 - 10 um

Question 8

Chloroplasts are…(scale of life)

Answer 8

2 - 5 um

Question 9

Components of cell and organelles are measured in

Answer 9

nanometers (nm)

Question 10

The Earth formed around how long ago?

Answer 10

4.5 billion years ago

Question 11

A and B (see diagram in notes) are around how old fossil cells?

Answer 11

750 million years old

Question 12

Fossil cells appeared on earth how many billion years after the origin of the planet.

Answer 12

1 billion years ago (1.1. exact?)

Question 13

What is panspermia?

Answer 13

The hypothesis that life may have originated elsewhere in the universe and spread to earth. (That life came fro space)

Question 14

how many billion year old fossil stromatolite still exist today? and living ones do as well.

Answer 14

3.2

Question 15

What are stromatolites?

Answer 15

They are layered rock formations created by micro-organisms. They are the oldest known fossils on Earth.

Question 16

1 um = how many mm?

Answer 16

one thousandth of a millimetre (10^-3 mm)

Question 17

1mm =

Answer 17

1000 um

Question 18

1 um = how many nm?

Answer 18

1000nm

Question 20

Look at the cell diagram (plant and animal) from scale of life right now!

Answer 20

be able to name everything and the place they go!

Question 21

Plant cell (size?)

Answer 21

20 x 30 um

Question 22

Animal cell (size?)

Answer 22

20 um

Question 23

Bacterium (size?)

Answer 23

( 1 x 2 um)

Question 24

What has the biggest Biomass distribution on Earth?

Answer 24

Plants- 450 Gt C

Question 25

What is biomass carbon measured in?

Answer 25

Gt (Gigatons)

Question 26

Who proposed Natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

Answer 26

Darwin

Question 27

What Is natural selection?

Answer 27

It is a testable hypothesis that provides a mechanism to explain evolution

Question 28

outline the requirements of natural selection in shaping life?

Answer 28

Variation, inheritance, selection, and time. (VIST)

Question 29

Variation-

Answer 29

Individuals in a population vary from one another

Question 30

Inheritance-

Answer 30

Parents pass on their traits to their offspring genetically

Question 31

Selection-

Answer 31

Some variants reproduce more than others

Question 32

Time-

Answer 32

Successful variations accumulate over many generations

Question 33

When did Darwin draw the tree of life in his notebook?

Answer 33

1837

Question 34

Where is this line from? "There is a grandeur on this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being, evolved."

Answer 34

The origin of species 1859

Question 35

Evolution doesn't just act on shape or colour it also acts on..?

Answer 35

Biological molecules. E.g. natural selection works not just on the pigeons, but on the molecules that make pigeons.

Question 36

what is DNA?

Answer 36

The store of information in an organism

Question 37

So DNA, the store of information in an organism, should show some evidence for...

Answer 37

evolution and natural selection

Question 38

What is the tree of life determined by?

Answer 38

Phylogenetics (examining shared traits and molecular sequences.)

Question 39

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

Answer 39

States that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria.

Question 40

What was made when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a proteobacteria?

Answer 40

Mitochondria

Question 41

What was made when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria?

Answer 41

Chloroplasts

Question 42

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

Answer 42

A phylogeeoti tree illustrates evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 43

Using what is a phylogenetic tree constructed?

Answer 43

Physical traits and genetic sequences

Question 44

What sort of ancestor does a phylogenetic tree show?

Answer 44

It shows the common ancestor of different species

Question 45

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 45

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 46

What are the key features of the tree of life?

Answer 46

3 domains of life, common ancestor, Phylogenetic relation ships, Endosymbosis and Eukaryotic evolution

Question 47

What does LUCA stand for? and how many years ago did it live?

Answer 47

The last Universal Common Ancestor is the organism from which all life evolved, estimated to have lived 4-4.3 million years ago

Question 48

True or False. Can you can construct LUCA's biology by looking at what is shared by all life on earth?

Answer 48

True

Question 48

What is the key difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 48

That membrane enclosed organelles are present in Eukaryotes (including a nucleus)

Question 49

What are Bacteria ( prokaryotic - no nucleus, no organelles) characteristics?

Answer 49

Peptidoglycan in cell wall, circular chromosome.

Question 50

What are Archaea (prokaryotic but more similar to eukaryotes in molecular biology) characteristics?

Answer 50

Circular chromosome and some species can survive at extreme temperatures ( growth at temperatures > 100 degrees celcius.

Question 51

What are the Eukarya characteristics?

Answer 51

Nuclear envelope and membrane enclosed organelles (believed to have evolved through endosymbiosis).

Question 52

{Life is complex and evolved}

Answer 52

{The scale of life on earth stretches from nanometers to kilometres}

Question 53

{Evolution works by natural selection}

Answer 53

{..for which you need variation, inheritance, selection, and time}