Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 303- Embryology and Developmentology > Lecture 1-18 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote definittion

A

Fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Embryo definition

A

Developing organism from fertilization through the formation of differentiated tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three tasks each embryo has during the early phase of development

A
  1. Increase the number of cells through cell division
  2. increase the number of cell types by differentiation
  3. generate polarity to allow establishment of the future body axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the five stages of embryogenesis?

A

Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organogenesis and Histogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two poles of the egg called

A

animal and vegetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does fertilization trigger

A

Numerous metabolic interactions including change in CA+++ concentration, protein synthesis etc. – will influence the zygotes further development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two genetic programs that organisms are regulated by

A
  1. Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg (eg. RNAS, enzymes etc)
  2. Genome of the zygote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The pattern of embryonic cleavage is determined by what two major factors

A

the amount of yolk in the egg cytoplasm and the distribution of yolk in the egg cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The animal pole is closer to the ____ while the vegetal pole contains the ____

A

nucleus, yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F: by cleavage the majority of cells already have a predictable fate

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three major stages that cell fate goes thoguh

A

Specification, determination and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during specification

A

cell has been instructed and will follow the instructions however fate is still reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during determination

A

Cell’s fate is irriversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during differentiation

A

fate is absolutely irreversible, generation of specialized cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

A

totipotent- can give rise to a complete individual
pluripotent- can form more structures than their original fate
multipotent- similar to pluripotent, but lesser number of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the difference between epithethilial and mesenchymal cells

A

Epithelial cells form sheets and are tightly compacted

Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized and attached, also can migrate as individual cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is indcution when it comes to cell actions

A

one cell or group of cells chnages the behaviour of another cell or group of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is competence

A

ability of cells to respond to inductive signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is signal transduction

A

different pathways to obtain induction/competence capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is gastrulation

A

a series of complex morphogenic movements and activities proliferating cells migrate, rearragne sheets of cells bend, fold and spread forming gastrula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three germ layers that gastrulation forms

A

Outermost ectoderm, innermost endoderm and the intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the ectoderm form

A

the outer layer of skin and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the endoderm form

A

the inner lining of the digestive tract and its appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the mesoderm from

A

form bone and other skeletal structure, muscle heart blood vessels, kidneys and reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in organogenesis ectodermal cells form the ____ ____

A

neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

in organogeneis the endoderm forms the _______

A

arcenteron– gut rediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens during histogenesis

A

cells specialize to perform particular functions, final cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is direct vs indirect development postembryo??

A

Direct is the development looks like a miniature adult, fetus, juvenile
Indirect is the larva going thorugh stages called metamorphasis. Ex. tadpoles and caterpillars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the axoneme

A

moajor portion of sperm- dynein- ATPases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an oocyte vs an ovum

A

oocyte is a developing egg while an ovum is a matured egg, reached stage in meiosis where it could get fertilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is the sea urchin a good model organism in developmental biology

A

sexually mature throughout the year, and produces a considerable number of large, transparent eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two important external layers in the sea urchin egg

A

the jelly layer and the vitelline envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the cortex of the sea urchin egg do at fertilization

A

high in globular actin which polymerize in mirofilaments which form microvilli which aid in sperm entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the mammalian egg is surrounded by ____ which aids to

A

cumulus, aids to nurture the egg

35
Q

what is the innermost layer of the cumulus

A

the corona

36
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

the mammalian analog of the vitelline envelope produced by the egg

37
Q

What are the four major events in the process of fertilizaiton

A
  1. contact and recognition
  2. regulation of sperm entry into the egg
  3. activation of egg metabolism to start development
  4. fusion of genetic material
38
Q

what attracts the sperm to the egg

A

chemoattraction by soluble moelcules and chemotaxis; ; sperm follow gradient of chemical secreted by the egg

39
Q

What is the role of calcium in sea urchin fertilizaiton

A

ca+ from sea water gets into the cell and activates sperm flagellar dynein ATPase, energy for swimming

40
Q

What are the two steps in acrosome reaciton in the sea urchin

A
  1. the fusion of the acrosomal vesicle within the sperm cell membrane
  2. extension of the acrosomal process
41
Q

What are the three species specific events sea urchins go through

A
  1. sperm attraction by chemotaxis
  2. sperm plasma membrane contains receptors for species specific polysaccharies from the egg jelly coat
  3. acrosomal process contains protein bindin which has the cresptor on the egg cell membrane, ERB1
42
Q

What are the five events breifly of sea urchin egg and sperm entry

A
  1. chemoattraciton
  2. exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle
  3. digestion of jelly layer
  4. binding of sperm to extracellular envelope and passage through it
  5. fusion of sperm and egg emmbrnaes
43
Q

WHat are the two things that are necessary for fertilization

A
  1. egg and/or cumulus cells have to be able to produce chemotaxic attractant molecule
  2. sperm capacitation
44
Q

what is the 5 steps in sperm entry in mammals

A
  1. chemoattraction
  2. binding of sperm to zona pellucida
  3. exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle
  4. passage of sperm though the zona pellucida
  5. fusion of the sperm and egg membranes
45
Q

What are the three major proteins hte zona pellucida is made up of

A

ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3

46
Q

sea urchin only has acrosomal ______

A

process

47
Q

in mammals sperm binds at the _____, not the ____

A

side, tip

48
Q

how is the fast block of polyspermy achieved

A

achieved by changing the electrical potential of the egg cell membrane

49
Q

What is the primary component of the sea urchin

A

the cortical granule reaction

50
Q

What are the four steps in the slow black in sea urchins

A
  1. Serine protease digest the protein and clips off extra sperm
  2. Mucopolysacharieds create osmotic gradient causing water to enter
  3. Peroxide enzymes harden the envelope by cross-linking tyrosine residues
  4. Hyalin coating is formed around the egg
51
Q

T or F: there is a fertilization envelope in mamals

A

F

52
Q

Granule fusion is driven by an increase in intracellular ___ in both mammals and sea urchins

A

Ca2+

53
Q

Egg activation can be broken into ____ and ___ phases

A

early and late

54
Q

What does Ca2+ activate

A

NAD+ kinase which converts NAD to NADP+

55
Q

What happens to Ca+ in early sea urchin egg activation

A

dependant on a transient increase in ca2+ following egg sperm fusion

56
Q

what happens to ca2+ in early mammal egg activation

A

several waves of ca2+ released corresponding to aspects of egg acvitation

57
Q

In both sea urchins and mammals what happens in the late phase of egg activation

A

increase of Ca 2+ inhibits MAP kinase so DNA replication can start

58
Q

What is the difference between sea urchin fusion and mammal fusion

A

the time of DNA replication

59
Q

what are the two major developmental processes that occur in succession

A

cleavage and gastrulation

60
Q

what happens during cleavage

A

a period of rapid cell division

61
Q

T or F: cell division is accompanied by cell growth

A

F

62
Q

Where is the site of first clevage

A

determined by the point of sperm entry

63
Q

What is the cleavage driven by

A

the Mitosis promoting factor

64
Q

What are the two subunits in the mitosis promoting factor

A

CyclinB and cdc2

65
Q

CyclnB is regulated by factors in the _____

A

cytopalsm

66
Q

What is karokinesis

A

the mitotic division of the nucleus

67
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

the physical division of the cell

68
Q

The pattern of embryonic cleavage is determined by what two factors

A

the amount and distribution of yolk, and the factors in the egg cytoplasm that influence the angle of the mitotic spindle

69
Q

How do cells and tissues know how to develop

A

thorugh mutual interactions- induction and competence

70
Q

cell fate is determined by what four factors

A

1- Asymmetric cell divions
2- Cell to cell interactions
3. Cell cell communications
4. Position of the cell in an embryo

71
Q

what is the difference from asymmetric and symmetric division

A

asymmetric- sister cells born different

symmetric- sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them after their birth

72
Q

what are tight junctions

A

create sheets of cells

73
Q

what are anchoring junctions

A

connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells, or connect cells to matrix

74
Q

what are communicating junctions

A

permit small molecules to pass between cells

75
Q

what is induction

A

interaction between two or more cells with different histories and properties

76
Q

what is the inducer

A

cell that produces or sends a signal (morphogen) that will change the cellular behaviour

77
Q

what is the responder

A

the target cell

78
Q

what is competence

A

the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to a specific inductive signal; can change with time

79
Q

What is instructive vs permissive cell communication indcution

A

Instructive- initiates new gene expression

permissive- allows expression of those traits

80
Q

T or F: an inducer is a morphogen

A

T

81
Q

What are the three types of cell-cell communication

A

juxtacrine-adjacant direct contact
paracrine-effects neighboring cells
endocrine-hormones affect cells throughout body

82
Q

WHat are the four signa transduction systems

A

1- receptor with enzymatic activity
2- receptor coupled to a heterotrimeric G prrotein
3-intracellular receptors
4- Linked receptors

83
Q

what is a kinase cascade

A

a series of protein kinases that phosporylate each other in succession, amplifying the signal

BIOL 303- Embryology and Developmentology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions