Lecture 1 Flashcards

Question

What are examples of corers?

Answer 1

* Hand-held corers * Megacorer (multiple corer) ## Footnote Corers are used for quantitative sampling methods.

Answer 2

* Minimize sediment disturbance * Comparable efficiency to box corers ## Footnote They reduce the bow wave effect.

Answer 3

* Underwater video * Camera systems ## Footnote These techniques are used for surveys, identification, and behavior studies.

Answer 4

* Quantitative method * Wide spatial coverage * Suitable for epifauna on the sediment surface * Highly efficient in capturing visual data ## Footnote Useful for behavioral and biodiversity assessments.

Answer 5

* Yoyo camera systems * Manned submersibles (e.g., Alvin) * ROVs (e.g., ISIS) * Autosub6000 * SCUBA ## Footnote These platforms are used for deep-sea exploration.

Answer 6

* Deep-sea exploration * Capturing high-resolution images * Conducting ecological studies ## Footnote They operate across varying depths.

Answer 7

* Manipulating specific variables in a controlled setting ## Footnote They can be conducted in laboratory settings or controlled field experiments.

Answer 8

Performed in natural habitats with minimal manipulation ## Footnote They study the response of benthic fauna to disturbances like dredging.

Answer 9

Non-invasive surveys to understand natural variability ## Footnote They often precede hypothesis-driven experiments.

Answer 10

Ensures reproducibility and robust conclusions ## Footnote It allows for a deeper understanding of ecological processes.

Answer 11

An ecological benchmark representing minimal or no human disturbance ## Footnote Helps to evaluate habitat degradation or recovery through comparative analysis.

Answer 12

Based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the ecosystem, including: * Sediment type * Organic content * Faunal community structure ## Footnote These attributes help in understanding the ecological status of a habitat.

Answer 13

Widely used in environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to determine the extent of human-induced changes ## Footnote They serve as benchmarks for assessing ecological health.

Answer 14

A framework for defining reference conditions emphasizing long-term monitoring and comparisons across multiple locations ## Footnote This approach helps in establishing reliable ecological benchmarks.

Answer 15

Replication ensures that results are not due to random chance or anomalies ## Footnote It strengthens the reliability of study findings.

Answer 16

1. Spatial Replication 2. Temporal Replication ## Footnote Each type addresses different sources of variability in ecological studies.

Answer 17

Accounts for habitat heterogeneity and spatial variability ## Footnote Example: Sampling benthic species across different sediment types (e.g., sand vs. mud).

Answer 18

Accounts for seasonal changes or disturbance events ## Footnote Example: Monitoring benthic communities before and after a dredging operation.

Answer 19

Occurs when samples are not truly independent but are treated as replicates ## Footnote It can lead to misleading conclusions about ecological data.

Answer 20

Ensure sampling units are separated by sufficient distance and use statistical designs that reflect true variability ## Footnote This improves the integrity of study results.

Answer 21

The size must align with the ecological scale of interest ## Footnote Larger units capture more species but may dilute fine-scale variability.

Answer 22

1. Habitat Type 2. Target Species 3. Processes ## Footnote Each factor influences the effectiveness of sampling efforts.

Answer 23

Using multiple sampling unit sizes in tandem to account for diverse species and habitat types ## Footnote This strategy enhances the comprehensiveness of ecological assessments.

Answer 24

Sampling locations are selected randomly, reducing bias but may miss small-scale features or important gradients ## Footnote This method is beneficial for general assessments.

Answer 25

Sampling at regular intervals or grid points, providing even spatial coverage ## Footnote Useful for detecting patterns such as pollution gradients.

Answer 26

Population is divided into strata based on a characteristic (e.g., depth, sediment type) ## Footnote More targeted and efficient compared to random or systematic sampling.

Answer 27

1. Stratified Random Sampling 2. Stratified Systematic Sampling ## Footnote Each type has specific methodologies for selecting samples within strata.

Answer 28

Study objectives, habitat characteristics, and resource availability ## Footnote These factors determine the most effective approach for ecological research.