Lecture 1 Flashcards
Anatomy & Physiology Introduction
Define Anatomy
The study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts
Define Gross Anatomy
The study of structures that are visible to the naked eye (no microscope needed)
Define Physiology
The study of the functions of the human body and its parts
What determines the functions of organs and parts of the human body?
The structure of the organs and parts of the human body determines the function
What are the levels of organization of the human body?
Atom->Molecule->Macromolecule->Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism (Smaller -> Larger)
All materials, living/non-living, are composed of _____, which consist of ____.
All materials, living/non-living, are composed of chemicals, which consist of atoms.
Define subatomic particles
protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells
Define an atom
tiny particles that make up chemicals (ex: hydrogen, carbon)
Define a molecule
particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)
Define macromolecules
large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)
Define an organelle
The functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
Define a cell
basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
Define tissue
a layer or mass of cells with a specific function (adipose tissue/body fat)
Define an organ
group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
Define organ system
group of organs with common function (digestive system)
Define organism
composed of organ systems that interact (human)
All living things consist of ____
cells
Define the internal environment
environment within the body
Define homeostasis
maintenance of the constant internal environment
define interdependency of cells
cells depend on each other
What is the relationship between structure and function
they are interrelated
What are the 9 characteristics of life?
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Metabolism
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Excretion
Describe growth
the increase in cell number and size increase in body size
describe reproduction
production of new cells and organisms
describe responsiveness
reaction to a change inside or outside of the body
describe movement
change in body position or location; motion of internal organs
describe metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: energy production and nutrient cycling
describe respiration
making energy. most organisms do this by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide (cells can produce energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen)
describe circulation
moving chemicals and cells through the body’s fluids
describe excretion
removing waste products
Define homeostatic mechanisms
self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment, and correct them if needed
What are the homeostatic variables?
Variables within the body that must be regulated to maintain homeostasis
1. Body Temperature
2. pH-blood acidity
3. Oxygen
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Blood osmolality (concentration of dissolved particles in the blood plasma)
6. Blood pressure
7. Glucose
8. Heart rate
What are the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism and describe what they do? RCE
- Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli
- Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the set point
- Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center that causes the necessary change in the internal environment
Describe the process of homeostatic mechanisms
- Stimulus- a change occurs in the internal environment
- Receptors
- Control Center (set point)- the change is compared to the set point
- Effectors (muscles or glands)
- Response- the change is corrected
Describe negative feedback as in types of control
- most common
- effectors return conditions toward the normal range
-moves the variable in the opposite direction of the change
EXAMPLES: body temperature, blood pressure, and glucose levels in the body
describe positive feedback as in types of control
-uncommon
-change/deviation is intensified/amplified
-short-lived, doesn’t last for very long
-produce unstable conditions, that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they will
-EXAMPLES: blood clotting, uterine contractions
Define superior
toward the head, upper part of the body (above)
define inferior
away from the head/ toward the lower part of the body (below)
define anterior
toward the front of the body (in front of)
define posterior (dorsal)
toward the back of the body; behind
define medial
toward the midline of the body (middle)
define lateral
away from the midline of the body (towards the sides)
define bilateral
structures that are present on both sides of the body (lungs)
define ipsilateral
something on the same side of the body as another structure
define contralateral
refers to something on the opposite side of the body as another structure
define proximal
closer to the point of attachment or origin of a structure
define distal
farther from the point of attachment or origin of a structure
define superficial
closer to the surface of the body
define deep
farther away from the surface of the body; more internal
What are the 2 main portions of the human body, and describe them
- Axial- head, neck, and trunk
- Appendicular- upper and lower limbs
What are the 3 body sections?
The body is cut along planes to view different sections
1. Sagittal (section along the median plane, divides the body into left & right sections)
-Midsagittal
2. Transverse (horizontal, divides into upper and lower sections)
3. Frontal (coronal, divides body into front and back sections)
