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BDV110- Philippine Insects > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

➢the study of insects
➢covers the total range of
biological disciplines,
including evolution, ecology,
behavior, anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry, and genetics.

A

Entomology

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2
Q

a group of DNA variations, or alleles, that are inherited together from a single parent and are located on the same chromosome

A

haplotype

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3
Q

-the difference in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequence between different species or individuals.
-is used to identify species and study evolutionary relationships

A

COI divergence

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4
Q

➢ 7 taxa coded according to their
primary food plants:

A

TRIGO, CELT, LONCHO, LOHAMP,
HIHAMP, BYTTNER, INGCUP

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5
Q

3 taxa are coded by their main
food plants plus a color character
of the adult:

A

SENNOV, YESENN, & FABOV

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6
Q

TRIGO (51) can be found in? most abundant species?

A

rain and dry forest
- Trigonia laevis
-Trigonia rugosa

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7
Q

CELT (23) can be found in? most abundant species?

A

rain forest
-Celtis iguanaea

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8
Q

SENNOV (103) can be found in? most abundant species?

A

dry forest
-Senna hyesianna
-Senna papillosa

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9
Q

FABOV (31) can be found in? most abundant species?

A

dry forest

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10
Q

HIHAMP (16) can be found in? most abundant species?

A

cloud forest
- wild-caught pupae

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11
Q

INGCUP (65) can be found in? species?

A

cloud, rain and dry forest
-Inga vera

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12
Q

LONCHO (41) can be found in? species?

A

cloud forest
-Lonchocarpus oliganthus

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13
Q

LOHAMP (47) can be found in? species?

A

cloud and rain forest
-Hampea appendiculata

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14
Q

BYTTNER (4) can be found in? species?

A

dry forest
-Byttneria catalpifolia

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15
Q

YESENN (78) can be found in? species?

A

rain forest
- Senna papillosa

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16
Q

Biologists work with insects for many
reasons:

A
  1. ease of culturing in a laboratory,
  2. rapid population turnover, and
  3. availability of many individuals
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17
Q

nutrient cycling via:

A

leaf litter and wood degradation
dispersal of fungi
disposal of carrion and dung
soil turnover

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18
Q

Insects are essential to the following ecosystem functions:

A

-plant propagation, including pollination and seed dispersal;

-maintenance of plant community composition and structure, via (phytophagy (endophytic feeding), including seed feeding;

-food for insectivorous vertebrates, such as many birds, mammals,
reptiles, and fish.

-maintenance of animal community structure, through transmission of diseases of large animals, and predation and parasitism of smaller ones

-Some insects are considered keystone species ❖because loss of their critical ecological functions could collapse the wider
ecosystem

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19
Q

insect feeding on plant or fungal tissues that occurs within tissue of a living plant, whether the specific plant tissue is live or dead

A

Endophagy

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20
Q

is the act of eating plants, and the word phytophagic means feeding on plants. It can also refer to animals that eat plants.

A

Phytophagy

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21
Q

_________ involves organisms, usually insects or fungi, living inside plant tissues and feeding from within. These organisms may live in the intercellular spaces or within the cells themselves.

A

Endophytic feeding

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22
Q

convert cellulose in tropical soils, suggesting that they are keystones in tropical soil structuring

A

Termites

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23
Q

Termites cannot digest cellulose and extract life-sustaining nutrients from it on their own. They must rely on the help of ________________ that live in their digestive tracts.

A

protozoa and bacteria

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24
Q

pearl millet head infested by _________________

A

Heliocheilus albipunctella

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25
Q

The bat that eats the moths and eggs, and moths and early instar larvae

A

Taphozous mauritianus

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26
Q

The bird that feeds on later instar larvae

A

Ploceus cucullatus

27
Q

What gas is produced in a coal-digesting microbes in termite guts?

A

Methane Gas

coal-termite microbes-methane gas

28
Q

provide us with honey but are also valuable agricultural pollinators worth an estimated US $15 billion annually in the USA.

A

honey bees

29
Q

The economic analysis based on 1,000 colonies, the total fixed investment in terms of colony holdings is?

A

USD 59,488.00

30
Q

effective biological control agents
-form of physiological manipulations

A

Parasitoid wasps

31
Q

is an organism that spends its larval stage in or on another organism, called the host

A

Parasitoid

32
Q

a parasitoid that attacks hosts that continue to feed and grow during the course of parasitism, only arresting host development just prior to parasitoid pupation

A

Endoparasitic koinobionts

33
Q

is the process of laying eggs outside of the body. It’s a common reproductive behavior in many vertebrates, including insects

A

ovipositing

34
Q

Parasitoids of hoverflies

A

o Subfamily Diplazontinae (Ichneumonidae),
o Figitidae (Superfamily Cynipoidea),
o Encyrtidae
o Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea)
o Megasplidae (Ceraphronoidea)

35
Q

➢ feed on nectar and pollen and are important pollinators of flowering plants in wild and agricultural ecosystems.
➢ larvae are insectivorous, feeding on aphids and some other Homoptera (whiteflies and leafhoppers).

A

Adult hoverflies (Syrphidae: Diptera)

36
Q

Example situation of parasitoid wasps

A

Adult female Dinocampus coccinellae ovipositing into adult ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata).

37
Q

Green lacewing species in the genera _____________and __________are most commonly used in integrated pest management programs, particularly species of the __________________ complex (common green lacewings), which are also frequently found in field crops (Stelzl & Devetak, 1999).

A

Chrysopa and Chrysoperla
-Chrysoperla carnea (italicized)

38
Q

commonly used in integrated pest management programs, which are also frequently found in field crops

A

Chrysoperla carnea (italicized)

38
Q

Many species of ___________ are
considered to be important as generalist
predators in biological control programs
against a range of pests

A

Carabidae

39
Q

most common parasitoids of carabids are
the gregarious _____________ and
the solitary ________________________

A

Phaenoserphus viator
Phaenoserphus pallipes

40
Q

Presence of this chemical reportedly increases stimulation of pain nerves. Particularly high concentration in hornet stings

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

A peptide, and a major toxic component of bee venom. Can break up & kill cells.

A

Melittin

42
Q

Can pass through the blood-brain barrier, act on the central nervous system, and block ion channels.

A

Apamin

43
Q

Causes degranulation of mast cells, leading to release of inflammatory agent histamine.

A

MCD peptide

44
Q

Splits carbohydrates from their complexes with proteins and breaks them down, allowing penetration of venom into tissue.

A

Hyaluronidase

45
Q

Present only in small amounts. Any effect is largely obscured by other components of venom.

A

Dopamine

46
Q

Acts as an irritant and contributes towards the pain experienced as a result of the venom.

A

Serotonin

47
Q

Signal and attract other nearby insects of the same species to take defensive action.

A

Alarm pheromones

48
Q

An enzyme, with an effect similar to phospholipase A. These enzymes also help immobilize prey.

A

Phospholipase B

49
Q

A peptide that forms a large portion of hornet venom. Its components have yet to be fully characterized.

A

Hornet Kinin

50
Q

Can contribute to pain and itching. It is also one of the chemicals released during an allergic response.

A

Histamine

51
Q

A major component of some ant venoms, particularly those that spray their venoms rather than sting.

A

Formic Acid

52
Q

Causes constriction of blood vessels, resulting in reducing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.

A

Noradrenaline

53
Q

An enzyme that breaks up cell membranes and destroys cells. Also a strong allergen.

A

Phospholipase A

54
Q

A peptide that forms a large portion of wasp venom. Its components have yet to be fully characterized.

A

Wasp Kinin

55
Q

Class of compounds found in fire ant venom, and large contributors to the pain of fire ants’ stings

A

Piperidine Alkaloids

56
Q

Silk from the cocoons of silkworm moths, what species?

A

Bombyx mori

57
Q

The red dye cochineal is obtained commercially from scale insects of?

A

Dactylopius coccus

58
Q

Another scale insect, the lac insect ___________________, is a source of a commercial varnish called _________

A

Kerria lacca (italicized)
shellac

59
Q

Individuals only meet at a random or for mating

A

Solitary

60
Q

Aggregation in transient or permanent groups (e.g., for predator defense)

A

Communal/ gregarious

61
Q

Parental brood care

A

Subsocial

62
Q

Transient or permanent groups with reproductive division of labor, cooperative brood care, and at least two co-occurring generations

A

(Primitively) Eusocial

63
Q

________________, in which the size of individual organisms is approximately proportional to the number of described species in the higher taxon that it represents.

A

Species cape

BDV110- Philippine Insects (2 decks)

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