Lecture 1 Flashcards by Dyna Marie Tindoc

➢the study of insects
➢covers the total range of
biological disciplines,
including evolution, ecology,
behavior, anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry, and genetics.

Entomology

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a group of DNA variations, or alleles, that are inherited together from a single parent and are located on the same chromosome

haplotype

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-the difference in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequence between different species or individuals.
-is used to identify species and study evolutionary relationships

COI divergence

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➢ 7 taxa coded according to their
primary food plants:

TRIGO, CELT, LONCHO, LOHAMP,
HIHAMP, BYTTNER, INGCUP

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3 taxa are coded by their main
food plants plus a color character
of the adult:

SENNOV, YESENN, & FABOV

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TRIGO (51) can be found in? most abundant species?

rain and dry forest
- Trigonia laevis
-Trigonia rugosa

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CELT (23) can be found in? most abundant species?

rain forest
-Celtis iguanaea

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SENNOV (103) can be found in? most abundant species?

dry forest
-Senna hyesianna
-Senna papillosa

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FABOV (31) can be found in? most abundant species?

dry forest

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HIHAMP (16) can be found in? most abundant species?

cloud forest
- wild-caught pupae

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INGCUP (65) can be found in? species?

cloud, rain and dry forest
-Inga vera

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LONCHO (41) can be found in? species?

cloud forest
-Lonchocarpus oliganthus

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LOHAMP (47) can be found in? species?

cloud and rain forest
-Hampea appendiculata

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BYTTNER (4) can be found in? species?

dry forest
-Byttneria catalpifolia

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YESENN (78) can be found in? species?

rain forest
- Senna papillosa

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Biologists work with insects for many
reasons:

ease of culturing in a laboratory,
rapid population turnover, and
availability of many individuals

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nutrient cycling via:

leaf litter and wood degradation
dispersal of fungi
disposal of carrion and dung
soil turnover

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Insects are essential to the following ecosystem functions:

-plant propagation, including pollination and seed dispersal;

-maintenance of plant community composition and structure, via (phytophagy (endophytic feeding), including seed feeding;

-food for insectivorous vertebrates, such as many birds, mammals,
reptiles, and fish.

-maintenance of animal community structure, through transmission of diseases of large animals, and predation and parasitism of smaller ones

-Some insects are considered keystone species ❖because loss of their critical ecological functions could collapse the wider
ecosystem

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insect feeding on plant or fungal tissues that occurs within tissue of a living plant, whether the specific plant tissue is live or dead

Endophagy

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is the act of eating plants, and the word phytophagic means feeding on plants. It can also refer to animals that eat plants.

Phytophagy

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_________ involves organisms, usually insects or fungi, living inside plant tissues and feeding from within. These organisms may live in the intercellular spaces or within the cells themselves.

Endophytic feeding

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convert cellulose in tropical soils, suggesting that they are keystones in tropical soil structuring

Termites

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Termites cannot digest cellulose and extract life-sustaining nutrients from it on their own. They must rely on the help of ________________ that live in their digestive tracts.

protozoa and bacteria

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pearl millet head infested by _________________

Heliocheilus albipunctella

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The bat that eats the moths and eggs, and moths and early instar larvae

Taphozous mauritianus

The bird that feeds on later instar larvae

Ploceus cucullatus

What gas is produced in a coal-digesting microbes in termite guts?

Methane Gas coal-termite microbes-methane gas

provide us with honey but are also valuable agricultural pollinators worth an estimated US $15 billion annually in the USA.

honey bees

The economic analysis based on 1,000 colonies, the total fixed investment in terms of colony holdings is?

USD 59,488.00

effective biological control agents -form of physiological manipulations

Parasitoid wasps

is an organism that spends its larval stage in or on another organism, called the host

Parasitoid

a parasitoid that attacks hosts that continue to feed and grow during the course of parasitism, only arresting host development just prior to parasitoid pupation

Endoparasitic koinobionts

is the process of laying eggs outside of the body. It's a common reproductive behavior in many vertebrates, including insects

ovipositing

Parasitoids of hoverflies

o Subfamily Diplazontinae (Ichneumonidae), o Figitidae (Superfamily Cynipoidea), o Encyrtidae o Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) o Megasplidae (Ceraphronoidea)

➢ feed on nectar and pollen and are important pollinators of flowering plants in wild and agricultural ecosystems. ➢ larvae are insectivorous, feeding on aphids and some other Homoptera (whiteflies and leafhoppers).

Adult hoverflies (Syrphidae: Diptera)

Example situation of parasitoid wasps

Adult female Dinocampus coccinellae ovipositing into adult ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata).

Green lacewing species in the genera _____________and __________are most commonly used in integrated pest management programs, particularly species of the __________________ complex (common green lacewings), which are also frequently found in field crops (Stelzl & Devetak, 1999).

Chrysopa and Chrysoperla -Chrysoperla carnea (italicized)

commonly used in integrated pest management programs, which are also frequently found in field crops

Chrysoperla carnea (italicized)

Many species of ___________ are considered to be important as generalist predators in biological control programs against a range of pests

Carabidae

most common parasitoids of carabids are the gregarious _____________ and the solitary ________________________

Phaenoserphus viator Phaenoserphus pallipes

Presence of this chemical reportedly increases stimulation of pain nerves. Particularly high concentration in hornet stings

Acetylcholine

A peptide, and a major toxic component of bee venom. Can break up & kill cells.

Melittin

Can pass through the blood-brain barrier, act on the central nervous system, and block ion channels.

Apamin

Causes degranulation of mast cells, leading to release of inflammatory agent histamine.

MCD peptide

Splits carbohydrates from their complexes with proteins and breaks them down, allowing penetration of venom into tissue.

Hyaluronidase

Present only in small amounts. Any effect is largely obscured by other components of venom.

Dopamine

Acts as an irritant and contributes towards the pain experienced as a result of the venom.

Serotonin

Signal and attract other nearby insects of the same species to take defensive action.

Alarm pheromones

An enzyme, with an effect similar to phospholipase A. These enzymes also help immobilize prey.

Phospholipase B

A peptide that forms a large portion of hornet venom. Its components have yet to be fully characterized.

Hornet Kinin

Can contribute to pain and itching. It is also one of the chemicals released during an allergic response.

Histamine

A major component of some ant venoms, particularly those that spray their venoms rather than sting.

Formic Acid

Causes constriction of blood vessels, resulting in reducing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.

Noradrenaline

An enzyme that breaks up cell membranes and destroys cells. Also a strong allergen.

Phospholipase A

A peptide that forms a large portion of wasp venom. Its components have yet to be fully characterized.

Wasp Kinin

Class of compounds found in fire ant venom, and large contributors to the pain of fire ants’ stings

Piperidine Alkaloids

Silk from the cocoons of silkworm moths, what species?

Bombyx mori

The red dye cochineal is obtained commercially from scale insects of?

Dactylopius coccus

Another scale insect, the lac insect ___________________, is a source of a commercial varnish called _________

Kerria lacca (italicized) shellac

Individuals only meet at a random or for mating

Solitary

Aggregation in transient or permanent groups (e.g., for predator defense)

Communal/ gregarious

Parental brood care

Subsocial

Transient or permanent groups with reproductive division of labor, cooperative brood care, and at least two co-occurring generations

(Primitively) Eusocial

________________, in which the size of individual organisms is approximately proportional to the number of described species in the higher taxon that it represents.

Species cape