Lecture 1 Flashcards
What does social psychology study?
Social psychology studies relationships with others.
What does sociology study?
Sociology studies society.
What does cognitive psychology study?
Cognitive psychology studies information-processing.
What does endocrinology study?
Endocrinology studies glands and hormones.
What does genetics study?
Genetics studies inheritance and genes.
What does psychobiology study?
Psychobiology studies the biological bases of psychology and behavior.
What does evolutionary psychology study?
Evolutionary psychology studies the influence of evolution on psychology and behavior.
What does cultural psychology study?
Cultural psychology studies cultural influence on psychology and behavior; also known as psychological anthropology.
What does clinical psychology focus on?
Clinical psychology focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental or behavioral disorders.
What do we mean by human sexuality?
An area of research/study that focuses on all aspects of humans as sexual beings
This includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
What is an anatomist?
A researcher who studies the structure of the body
Anatomists often focus on the physical aspects of human biology.
What is gender identity?
The biological sex (M/F) you identify as
Gender identity can differ from biological sex.
What does it mean to be transgender?
Having a gender identity that is discordant with your biological sex
Transgender individuals may or may not choose to undergo medical procedures.
Define transexual.
A person who identifies with the opposite sex & is undergoing gender reassignment
This term is often used interchangeably with transgender but can have specific medical connotations.
What is sexual orientation?
Term specifying the sex of those a person is primarily romantically, emotionally, & sexually attracted to
It includes various orientations such as heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual.
List the typical sexual orientations.
- Heterosexual
- Homosexual
- Bisexual
Other terms like androphelia and gynephelia are also used in research.
Fill in the blank: _______ is a person who identifies with the opposite sex & is undergoing gender reassignment.
[transexual]
True or False: Gender identity can be the same as biological sex.
False
Many individuals may identify differently than their biological sex.
Who distinguished between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Aristotle
Aristotle lived from 384-322 BC.
What concept did the Ancient Greeks believe was responsible for ‘hysteria’?
‘Wandering womb’
The term ‘hysteria’ is derived from the Greek word for ‘uterus’.
Who was the first to view semen under a microscope?
Johan Ham
Johan Ham was a medical student in the 17th century.
What did Johan Ham describe semen as containing?
‘Little animals’
This was an early observation of spermatozoa.
What hypothesis did Nicholas Hartsoeker propose regarding sperm?
Sperm contained tiny humans (homunculi)
This idea reflected early misconceptions about reproduction.
Who predicted the existence of the female ovum?
William Harvey
The ovum was not observed until the early 19th century.
In what year did Herman Fol first observe fertilization?
1879
He observed the process of sperm entering the ovum.
What period did the Enlightenment occur in?
18th Century
Who argued that homosexuality was moral?
Jeremy Bentham
What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?
Women had rights to sexual pleasure
Who openly discussed safe sex practices?
Giacomo Casanova
Fill in the blank: The Enlightenment brought sexual philosophers preaching _______.
sexual freedom
True or False: Giacomo Casanova was known for discussing safe sex practices.
True
What significant trend occurred in the 20th century regarding human sexuality?
Increases in discussions on sex.
Who was Havelock Ellis and what was his contribution to sexuality research?
An English physician who described sexual ‘perversions’ with sympathy.
What theory did Sigmund Freud pioneer in relation to sexuality?
Psychoanalysis and theories of sexual repression.
What is the Oedipus Complex?
A theory by Freud related to sexual repression.
What concept did Freud introduce that relates to female psychology?
Penis envy.
What counter-concept did Karen Horney propose?
Womb envy.
What advocacy is Margaret Sanger known for?
Campaigning for women’s rights to contraception.
What did Magnus Hirschfeld promote regarding sexuality?
The biological basis of sexuality, especially homosexuality.
Who was Alfred Kinsey?
A trained zoologist who undertook the 1st large human sexuality survey in the USA
Kinsey published ‘Sexual Behavior in the Human Male’ (1948) and ‘Sexual Behavior in the Human Female’ (1953)
What significant contribution did Virginia Johnson and William Masters make in the field of human sexuality?
Created the 1st human sexuality lab in the late 1950s
They recruited people to engage in sexual behavior in the lab
What did anthropologist Margaret Mead describe?
Sexually unrestricted lifestyles of Pacific Islanders
Mead challenged perspectives on human sexual norms and beliefs
What year was the first ‘test-tube baby’ produced?
1978
This biomedical advance was attributed to Robert Edwards
In what year was the hormonal contraceptive pill approved for use?
1960
What is the significance of Sildenafil, commonly known as Viagra?
Introduced in 1998 as a treatment for erectile dysfunction
Fill in the blank: Alfred Kinsey wrote ‘Sexual Behavior in the Human _______’ in 1948.
[Male]
Fill in the blank: Virginia Johnson and William Masters created the first human sexuality _______ in the late 1950s.
[Lab]
True or False: Margaret Mead supported traditional perspectives on human sexual norms.
False
List two significant biomedical advances in human sexuality research.
- First ‘test-tube baby’ in 1978
- Hormonal contraceptive pill approved in 1960
