Lecture 1

Question 1

True or False: New cells are generated on their own.

Answer 1

New cells are generated only from preexisting cells.

Question 2

What are the types of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Bacteria & Archaea

Question 3

What are examples of Eukaryotes?

Answer 3

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists and other complex unicellular organisms

Question 4

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What does the envelope surrounding prokaryotic cells consist of?

Answer 5

Inner plasma membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, lipopolysaccharide outer membrane (sometimes)

Question 6

Describe the structural complexity of Eukaryotic cells.

Answer 6

Internal membranes that organize and create intracellular compartments with different functions

Question 7

Key differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

No cell wall in the animal cell, Chloroplast only in the plant cell

Question 8

Function of plasma membrane

Answer 8

A selective barrier that separates a cell from its surroundings. Facilitates intra- and extracellular communication through budding and fusing of vesicles in the processes of endo- and exocytosis.

Question 9

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

Answer 9

a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and may be covered in carbohydrates.

Question 10

Relationship between nucleus and DNA

Answer 10

Contains most of the DNA of the cell
DNA and protein combine to form chromatin

Question 11

Function of mitochondria

Answer 11

Harness energy from food molecules to produce usable energy for the cell (ATP)

Question 12

What are the three organelles enclosed within 2 membranes?

Answer 12

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 13

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

Answer 13

Rough ER: studded with ribosomes which translate RNA into protein
Smooth ER: no ribosomes, involved in the synthesis / storage of lipids

Question 14

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

Involved in the production of many cell components

Question 15

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 15

Modifies and packages molecules made in the ER that are to be secreted or transported to another cell compartment

Question 16

Is the cytosol contained within intracellular membranes?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 17

Govern internal organization, strength, shape, and movement

Question 18

What are the requirements for light microscopy?

Answer 18

1. Focus light through a condenser
   
   2. Specimen prepared properly (ex. Fixed or not?)
      Lenses (objective, tube, eyepiece)

Question 19

Requirements for fluorescent microscopy

Answer 19

Similar requirements to a light microscope except:
1. Different wavelengths are filtered to the specimen (ex. Blue light is permitted to pass to the specimen in this example)
2. The 2nd filter blocks other light - only the light emitted from the sample is passed to the eyepiece (ex. Green light in this example)

Question 20

transmission electron microscope

Answer 20

uses beams of electrons instead of beams of light yielding better resolution of tiny structures (1nm) - within the cell

Question 20

Confocal fluorescent microscope

Answer 20

can generate an optical section of a sample to generate a 3D image

Question 21

scanning electron microscope

Answer 21

uses electrons to image small structures - scanning the surface

Question 22

central dogma

Answer 22

DNA encodes for genes that can transcribe to make RNA, which makes proteins - breaking things down

Question 23

Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 23

The archaea cell ate the bacterial cell, the mitochondria became the endosymbiont, became multicellular

Question 24

KEEP GOING

Answer 24

YA BITCH

Question 25

What do model systems used for and do?

Answer 25

Used to investigate more complex or difficult to study systems, Improves the study of human health and disease

Question 26

List the small organic building blocks of the cell -> larger organic molecules

Answer 26

Sugars -> Polysaccharides Fatty acids -> Fats and Membrane Lipids Amino acids -> Proteins Nucleotides -> Nucleic acids

Question 27

Genetic changes acted on by selection are best described as the fundamentals of what process?

Answer 27

Evolution

Question 28

True or false: All cells require oxygen in order to survive. Why?

Answer 28

It is false because some cells perform anaerobic respiration.

Question 29

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine? Organisms that have inherited their genetic instructions from a common ancestor share the same DNA sequence.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What is a drawback to using electron microscopy?

Answer 30

It cannot be used to view living cells.

Question 31

What is a drawback to using light microscopy?

Answer 31

It cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium.

Question 32

Some antibiotics target features that are unique to bacterial cells and absent from our own cells. What would present a safe target for a new antibiotic?

Answer 32

Cell wall

Question 33

Which of these three classifications is included within one of the others: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or archaea?

Answer 33

Archaea

Question 34

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine? Genome sequencing has revealed that archaea and bacteria—which are both prokaryotes—differ as much from each other as either does from the eukaryotes.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Which cellular component separates the DNA of eukaryotic cells from the cytosol?

Answer 35

nuclear membrane

Question 36

Which structure or process mediates the exchange of materials between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes, and the outside of the cell?

Answer 36

transport vesicles

Question 37

Which term best describes a pair of genes (or gene products) that derived from a common ancestral gene?

Answer 37

Homologous