Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is justification?
Reasons for believing a certain proposition to be true. Motivering / Rättfärdigande
What is justification methods?
Justification methods are approaches used to explain why we choose one method over others for acquiring knowledge, solving problems, or validating results.
Explain Methodology and Method
Methodology - Investigates assessment and justification of method choice. It is connected to the goals of science and the classical definition of knowledge: true justified belief.
Method - An empirical practice within science, such as observational studies, field experiments or model studies.
Explain the scientific method and how can you justify it?
One of the three basic methods. The scientific method is based on a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge that includes observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis. This method stands in contrast to non-scientific or pseudoscientific methods, which may rely on anecdotal evidence, lack systematic investigation, or fail to meet empirical standards.
Justification: “ I choose the method that is the scientific one - in contrast to non- or pseudoscientific method ones “
Describe some problems with the scientific method
Problem 1 with this method: There is a wide diversity of methods within science. Such as goals, methods, standards
Problem 2 with this method: Lack of an accurate demarcation (Brist på en korrekt avgränsning)
What are “conventions”?
One of the three basic methods. The conventions approach justifies methods based on accepted practices within a group or field. These methods are often chosen because they are established, popular, or culturally normalized within a particular community, such as among peers or educators.
How can conventions be justified?
Ex: “ I choose the methods my teachers/my peers choose”
Ex: “I choose the methods that my teachers or peers prefer because they have established themselves as reliable within my educational or professional context. This choice is based on the assumption that these methods, by virtue of being widely accepted, are appropriate for achieving shared goals.”
Explain the method “epistemic tool”
One of the three basic methods. Epistemic tools are methods chosen to best satisfy specific epistemic goals → goals related to knowledge acquisition, understanding, or justification.
How can you justify epistemic tool?
“I choose the method that tends to best satisfy my epistemic goals”
Define “knowledge”
True, justified belief (motiverad tro).
Explain Platos definition of Knowledge
- A believes in P: Ex someone needs to believe in something for it to be knowledged.
- A is justified in believing in P: (A kan motivera för P)
Ex The agent must not just believe that the claim is true, must also justify that this claim is true. - P is true.
Explain how knowledge can be uncertain
Knowledge can be and often is uncertain:
- We can have strong theories and evidence
- We can still have some uncertainty in some parts of the theories.
- But, this uncertainty does not exclude knowledge
- In practice, scientific knowledge often includes a degree of uncertainty.
Define “belief”
a state of mind where a person considers a proposition to be true.
Belief can come in degrees “fully believe, tend to believe, hard to believe”
Explain the scientific ethos
The scientific ethos - It consists in the acknowledgement of the uncertainty of the knowledge, yet the commitment to improving the quality of this knowledge continuously.
Dsv erkännande av att all vetenskaplig kunskap är osäker och provisorisk.
