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Neurobiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Nervous system

A

Enables rapid and flexible responses to external and internal environmental changes of the body

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2
Q

Sensory function

A

Senses internal and external changes

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3
Q

Integrative function

A

Analyses and stores info - Makes decisions on appropriate voluntary and involuntary responses

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4
Q

Motor function

A

Initiates muscular activity or glandular secretion

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5
Q

Two divisions of nervous system

A

Central and Peripheral

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6
Q

Central Nervous system roles

A
  • Integrates sensory info
  • Generates thought and emotion
  • Stores memory
  • Makes decisions
  • Initiates motor activity
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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • Arises from brain/spine
  • Carries nerve impulse too and from CNS
  • Connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
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8
Q

What are neurons?

A

Electrically excitable cells specialised for signalling

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9
Q

What are glia?

A

Diverse support and developmental functions

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10
Q

Can neurons divide?

A

No

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11
Q

Can glia divide?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Number of glial and neurons in human brain

A

10^11 neurons and 10^12 glial cells.

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13
Q

Sturctures of neurons

A
  • Cell body - contains normal cell organelles, site of protein synthesis, degradation occurs here
  • Dendrites - Short, bristle-like, highly branched processes, recieve nerve input
  • Axon - Long, thin process, propagates nerve impulse to other neuron, muscle, or gland, terminates at axon terminal/synpases
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14
Q

Signalling in neuronal cells

A
  • Neurons receive info at dendrites, integrate in cell body
  • Info transmitted along axon in the form of electrochemical signals.
  • Action potentials are due to ion flow through protein channels
  • Lipid bilayer impermeable to charged ions
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15
Q

Stimulation of nerve cells

A
  • Incoming signals depolarise the cell membrane, where membrane potential rises from -70 mV
  • Action potential triggered in axon when cell membrane is depolarised beyond threshold (-55 mV)
  • Other signals can hyperpolarise the cell membrane, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential
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16
Q

Properties of Action potentials

A
  • Stimulus produces full action potential, or none
  • Impulses jump from node of ranvier to node at myelinated axons at up to 150m/sec
  • Signal intensity conveyed by nerve impulse frequency
  • Short refractory period where another action potential can’t form
17
Q

Synapses

A
  • Can be electrical but usually chemical
  • Transmitters stored in membrane-bound synpatic vesicles
  • 1 amount = quantum
  • Action potential arrival causes calcium ion influx, fusion of vesciles with pre-synaptic membrane, release of transmitter into synaptic celft
  • Transmitter effect can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • Must be mechanism to terminate transmitter’s activity - Catabolism or uptake of neurotransmitter into axon terminal or glial cells
18
Q

What is behaviour?

A

An orderly movement with recognizable and repeatable patterns produced by members of a species

Can be homeostasis e.g. maintenance of balance, respiratory rate, heart rate

Any definable set of actions e.g. language, abilities

19
Q

Examples of behaviour

A

Courtship, Predation, migration, locomotion, flying, feeding

20
Q

How can we study human brains?

A

Neuroanatomy

Clinical studies - lesions

Functional neuroimaging

21
Q

Studying human brains

A

Use of diffusion spectral imaging (DSI)

22
Q

Why use model organisms to understand human brains?

A
  • Strong conservation of genes and function over long evolutionary distances
23
Q

Manipulation of gene expression - forward genetics

A
  • Identifies gene responsible for phenotype
  • Genotype altered to observe effect on phenotype e.g. by direct mutagenesis
  • Identify mutation/ gene responsible
24
Q

Manipulation of gene expression - reverse genetics

A
  • Alter specific genes to determine role in phenotype
  • Gene sequences identified and altered by site-direct mutagenesis, gene silencing, transgenes
  • Determine effect of altered gene on phenotype
25
Q

What do vertebrates and invertebrates share?

A
  • Same basic plan - CNS and PNS
  • Brain
  • Vertebrates have more neurons to info processing
  • Invertebrates have fewer but larger and more complicated neurons
26
Q

Mammalian vs invertebrate neurons

A
  • Mammalian neuronal axons have myelin sheath to conduct faster impulses
  • Invertebrates have giant axons to convey messages quick
27
Q

Where is the CNS encased

A

Skull and spinal column

28
Q

Where is the invertebrate CNS

A

Built around digestive tract

29
Q

Why is Drosophila melanogaster a good model organism

A

Easy to grow
Short life cycle
Display muticellular organism characteristics (complex organ structure, complex social, sexual, and learning behaviours)

30
Q
A

Neurobiology (8 decks)

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