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Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between digitigrade and plantigrade?

A

*Digitigrade
Animals that walk on their toes (DISTAL PHALANX and edge of MIDDLE PHALANX in all CATS AND DOGS)
Metacarpals/metatarsals, carpal/tarsal bones do not touch the ground when walking.

*Plantigrade
Walking with toes and metacarpals/metatarsals touching the ground (humans, bears)

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2
Q

What are the name of the bones covered?

A
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3
Q

Observe the felzion and extension areas of the thoracic and pelvic limb

A
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4
Q

What joints are slightly overextended in the dog and cat when standing?

A
  1. Metacarpophalangeal joint
  2. Distal interphalangeal joint
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5
Q

What parts belong to the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside of brain and spinal cord)?

A

(1. Sensory Nerves: These carry information from your senses to brain

2.Motor Nerves: These send signals from the brain to your muscles, telling them when to move.)

UNDER MOTOR:

Somatic nervous System: controls voluntary movements. (SPINAL AND CRANIAL NERVES)

-Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary movements (SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC)
*Sympathetic: “Fight or Flight”
Response:
Effects: It speeds up your heart rate, increases blood flow to muscles, dilates your pupils, and slows down non-essential functions like digestion. This prepares your body to react quickly.
*Parasympathetic: “Rest and Digest”
Effects: It slows down your heart rate, promotes digestion, and relaxes your muscles. This allows your body to recover and conserve energy.

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6
Q

where are the sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

thorocolumbar Spinal cord
(C8-L2)

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7
Q

Where are the parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

Brain and sacral spinal cord
(S2-S5)

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8
Q

What parts of the CNS do not house cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system?

A

C1-C7
L3-L5

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9
Q

The sympathetic system also increases blood pressure by ________

A

CONSTRICTING BLOOD VESSEL

** must travel to all areas of the body to constrict blood vessels**

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10
Q

The ___________ allows for coordination between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, enabling the body to balance stress responses and relaxation.

A

vagosympathetic trunk

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11
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter?

A

-Grey matter – houses cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, synapses

White matter – mainly fiber tracts connecting parts of brain, also to/from spinal cord

**Inversion of grey /white matter in brain compared to spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted in relation to the vertebra?

A
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13
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted?

A
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14
Q

What’re the tracks that dorsal and ventral roots follow?

A

Dorsal root – sensory afferent information from periphery to spinal cord
Ventral root – motor efferents from spinal cord to peripheral structures

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15
Q

the spinal nerve carries both __________ fibers.

A

sensory and motor

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16
Q

What branches does the Brachial plexus consist of?

A

ventral spinal branches
(C5/6-T1/2)

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17
Q

Where are the cell bodies located of the cranial nerves?

A

Brain

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18
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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19
Q

where does the Cranial nerve XI originate? what is its other name? AND what muscles does it innervarte?

A

BOTS

  • Brachiocephalicus muscle
    -Omotransversarious muscle
    -Trapezius muscle
    -Sternocephalicus muscle
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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Serves as adjunct to venous system to return fluids to circulatory system.

Given that blood capillaries pass fluid into the intracellular space:

-Lymphatic collecting ducts can remove this intracellular fluid

-Lymph nodes (filters)

-Eventually this fluid enters the great veins of heart

Adjunct to venous system AND part of immune system

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21
Q

what is the importance of the lymphatic system?

A

ENLARGEMENT of nodes can be indicative of INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OR CANCER

-If lymphatics CAN’T handle excess tissue FLUID this can lead to EDEMA

22
Q

what are the lymph nodes shown

A

-Superficial cervical lymph nodes (“prescapular”)

-Axillary lymph nodes

** NOT shown but remember that the tracheal lymph duct connects the lymph nodes

23
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs (including scapula and pelvis)

24
Q

Axial Skeleton:

A

Skull, vertebral bodies, bony ribs, sternum, hyoid apparatus

25
Q

What is the physis in the bone, and where is I located?

A

GROWTH PLATE

-regions of cartilage that sit at the ends of the long bones of the legs.

26
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

-Bone at extremities beyond growth plates

contains CANCELLOUS (spongy bone)

27
Q

what is the Metaphysis?

A

“neck” of long bone – cancellous bone

28
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of bone, has outer compact bone

29
Q

what is the Periosteum?

A

-A thin membrane that covers the outside of thebone, wheretendons and ligaments attachto thebone

-where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics connect to thebone

30
Q

What type of nerves innervate the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles?

A

skeletal= SOMATIC/PERIPHERAL NERVES

cardiac muscles= AUTONOMIC NERVES

smooth muscles= AUTONOMIC NERVES

31
Q

What are the three types of joints and describe their mobility?

A

-Fibrous (IMMOVABLE ex: ulna/radius)

-Cartilagenous (PARTIALLY movable)

-Synovial= FREELY movable

32
Q

What is the composition of Synovial joints?

A

its is a joint capsule made up of:

-Joint cavity

-Synovial membrane (joint capsule lining)

-Synovial fluid (produced by cells of synovial membrane)

-Bones of joint are covered with articular cartilage

-Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage

33
Q

What are the type of synovial joints available?

A

-Ball and socket – shoulder joint, hip joint

-Hinge joint – elbow joint, knee joint (knee joint is also considered a condylar joint – contains rounded structures – condyles), movement is primarily flexion/extension

-Pivot joint – allows movement around a longitudinal axis, atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck, proximal radioulnar joint

34
Q

What are the parts of the skin shown ?

A

-Epidermis (NO BLOOD VESSELS- ECTODERM)

-Dermis and superficial fascia have few sweat gland and are MESODERM

35
Q

where is the line alba located?

A
36
Q

where is the umbilicus located?

A
37
Q

how many teats do dogs and cats have?

A

dog (5 pairs - 10)
cats (4 pairs- 8)

38
Q

What is Fascia? and difference versus superficial and deep fascia?

A

-Connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers

Superficial fascia: Allows movement of skin over underlying structures (UNDER DERMIS)

Deep fascia: dense connective tissue surrounding muscles

39
Q

What type of muscles originate within the superficial fascia? and what are their names?

A

Superficial Muscles
*Cutaneous trunci
*Platysma

     *+/- Cutaneous omobrachialis (in shoulder region)
40
Q

What nerve innervates the cutaneous trunci?

A

lateral thoracic nerve

41
Q

what nerve innervates the platysma?

A

cranial nerve VII

42
Q

what is the major cutaneous muscle of the body, and what is its function?

A
  • cutaneous trunci

-moves skin
-shivering

43
Q

what is the name of the muscles shown?

A
44
Q

what are the function of the platysma?

A

-Contributes to skin movement in head/neck region

-Pulls edge of mouth caudally

44
Q

what muscle is this?

A

platysma

45
Q

What bony prominences can be felt on the shown part of the bone?

A

Scapula
Dorsal border of scapula
Spine of scapula
Acromion

Thorax/ribs
Ribs 12/13
Sternum
Manubrium
Xiphoid process/cartilage

Humerus
Greater tubercle
“Point of shoulder”
Lateral epicondyle

Ulna
Olecranon
Styloid pro

46
Q

what are the names of these parts?

A

-tuberosity of spine

-suprahamate process

-hamate process

47
Q

What re the names of the palpable features highlighted?

A
48
Q

what are the highlighted veins? and which one of these do cats not hav?

A

omobrachial vein

49
Q

what muscle is this?

A

cutaneous trunci

Anatomy (4 decks)

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