Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between digitigrade and plantigrade?
*Digitigrade
Animals that walk on their toes (DISTAL PHALANX and edge of MIDDLE PHALANX in all CATS AND DOGS)
Metacarpals/metatarsals, carpal/tarsal bones do not touch the ground when walking.
*Plantigrade
Walking with toes and metacarpals/metatarsals touching the ground (humans, bears)
What are the name of the bones covered?
Observe the felzion and extension areas of the thoracic and pelvic limb
What joints are slightly overextended in the dog and cat when standing?
- Metacarpophalangeal joint
- Distal interphalangeal joint
What parts belong to the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside of brain and spinal cord)?
(1. Sensory Nerves: These carry information from your senses to brain
2.Motor Nerves: These send signals from the brain to your muscles, telling them when to move.)
UNDER MOTOR:
Somatic nervous System: controls voluntary movements. (SPINAL AND CRANIAL NERVES)
-Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary movements (SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC)
*Sympathetic: “Fight or Flight”
Response:
Effects: It speeds up your heart rate, increases blood flow to muscles, dilates your pupils, and slows down non-essential functions like digestion. This prepares your body to react quickly.
*Parasympathetic: “Rest and Digest”
Effects: It slows down your heart rate, promotes digestion, and relaxes your muscles. This allows your body to recover and conserve energy.
where are the sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?
thorocolumbar Spinal cord
(C8-L2)
Where are the parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located?
Brain and sacral spinal cord
(S2-S5)
What parts of the CNS do not house cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system?
C1-C7
L3-L5
The sympathetic (fight or flight) system also increases blood pressure by ________
CONSTRICTING BLOOD VESSEL
** must travel to all areas of the body to constrict blood vessels**
The ___________ allows for coordination between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, enabling the body to balance stress responses and relaxation.
vagosympathetic trunk
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
-Grey matter – houses cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, synapses
White matter – mainly fiber tracts connecting parts of brain, also to/from spinal cord
**Inversion of grey /white matter in brain compared to spinal cord
What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted in relation to the vertebra?
What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted?
What’re the tracks that dorsal and ventral roots follow?
Dorsal root – sensory afferent information from periphery to spinal cord
Ventral root – motor efferents from spinal cord to peripheral structures
the spinal nerve carries both __________ fibers.
sensory and motor
What branches does the Brachial plexus consist of?
ventral spinal branches
(C5/6-T1/2)
Where are the cell bodies located of the cranial nerves?
Brain
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
where does the Cranial nerve XI originate? what is its other name? AND what muscles does it innervarte?
BOTS
- Brachiocephalicus muscle
-Omotransversarious muscle
-Trapezius muscle
-Sternocephalicus muscle
What is the lymphatic system?
Serves as adjunct to venous system to return fluids to circulatory system.
Given that blood capillaries pass fluid into the intracellular space:
-Lymphatic collecting ducts can remove this intracellular fluid
-Lymph nodes (filters)
-Eventually this fluid enters the great veins of heart
Adjunct to venous system AND part of immune system
what is the importance of the lymphatic system?
ENLARGEMENT of nodes can be indicative of INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OR CANCER
-If lymphatics CAN’T handle excess tissue FLUID this can lead to EDEMA
what are the lymph nodes shown
-Superficial cervical lymph nodes (“prescapular”)
-Axillary lymph nodes
** NOT shown but remember that the tracheal lymph duct connects the lymph nodes
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the limbs (including scapula and pelvis)
Axial Skeleton:
Skull, vertebral bodies, bony ribs, sternum, hyoid apparatus
What is the physis in the bone, and where is I located?
GROWTH PLATE
-regions of cartilage that sit at the ends of the long bones of the legs.
What is the epiphysis?
-Bone at extremities beyond growth plates
contains CANCELLOUS (spongy bone)
what is the Metaphysis?
“neck” of long bone – cancellous bone
what is the diaphysis?
Shaft of bone, has outer compact bone
what is the Periosteum?
-A thin membrane that covers the outside of thebone, wheretendons and ligaments attachto thebone
-where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics connect to thebone
What type of nerves innervate the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles?
skeletal= SOMATIC/PERIPHERAL NERVES
cardiac muscles= AUTONOMIC NERVES
smooth muscles= AUTONOMIC NERVES
What are the three types of joints and describe their mobility?
-Fibrous (IMMOVABLE ex: ulna/radius)
-Cartilagenous (PARTIALLY movable)
-Synovial= FREELY movable
What is the composition of Synovial joints?
its is a joint capsule made up of:
-Joint cavity
-Synovial membrane (joint capsule lining)
-Synovial fluid (produced by cells of synovial membrane)
-Bones of joint are covered with articular cartilage
-Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage
What are the type of synovial joints available?
-Ball and socket – shoulder joint, hip joint
-Hinge joint – elbow joint, knee joint (knee joint is also considered a condylar joint – contains rounded structures – condyles), movement is primarily flexion/extension
-Pivot joint – allows movement around a longitudinal axis, atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck, proximal radioulnar joint
What are the parts of the skin shown ?
-Epidermis (NO BLOOD VESSELS- ECTODERM)
-Dermis and superficial fascia have few sweat gland and are MESODERM
where is the line alba located?
where is the umbilicus located?
how many teats do dogs and cats have?
dog (5 pairs - 10)
cats (4 pairs- 8)
What is Fascia? and difference versus superficial and deep fascia?
-Connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers
Superficial fascia: Allows movement of skin over underlying structures (UNDER DERMIS)
Deep fascia: dense connective tissue surrounding muscles
What type of muscles originate within the superficial fascia? and what are their names?
Superficial Muscles
*Cutaneous trunci
*Platysma
*+/- Cutaneous omobrachialis (in shoulder region)
What nerve innervates the cutaneous trunci?
lateral thoracic nerve
what nerve innervates the platysma?
cranial nerve VII
what is the major cutaneous muscle of the body, and what is its function?
- cutaneous trunci
-moves skin
-shivering
what is the name of the muscles shown?
what are the function of the platysma?
-Contributes to skin movement in head/neck region
-Pulls edge of mouth caudally
what muscle is this?
platysma
What bony prominences can be felt on the shown part of the bone?
Scapula
Dorsal border of scapula
Spine of scapula
Acromion
Thorax/ribs
Ribs 12/13
Sternum
Manubrium
Xiphoid process/cartilage
Humerus
Greater tubercle
“Point of shoulder”
Lateral epicondyle
Ulna
Olecranon
Styloid pro
what are the names of these parts?
-tuberosity of spine
-suprahamate process
-hamate process
What re the names of the palpable features highlighted?
what are the highlighted veins? and which one of these do cats not hav?
omobrachial vein
what muscle is this?
cutaneous trunci
