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CLIN MED 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the external ear?

A

Auricle, ear canal, tympanic membrane

Example sentence: The external ear is made up of the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane.

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2
Q

What comprises the middle ear?

A

Eustacain tibe

Example sentence: The middle ear consists of the eustacian tube.

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3
Q

What comprises the inner ear?

A

Cochlea, semicircular canals, oval window

Example sentence: The inner ear includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and oval window.

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4
Q

What is the structure that has a shape to capture and concentrate soundwaves?

A

Auricle

Example sentence: The auricle is the structure that captures and concentrates soundwaves.

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5
Q

What does the auricle good for?

A

Sound localization

Example sentence: The auricle is important for sound localization.

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6
Q

The ear canal is shaped like an

A

S

Example sentence: The ear canal is shaped like an ‘S’.

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7
Q

What is the external ear structure that is comprised of a thin, elastic membrane that separates the ear canal from the inner ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

Example sentence: The tympanic membrane is a thin, elastic membrane separating the ear canal from the inner ear.

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8
Q

The tympanic membrane will function how?

A

Sound waves strike the TM and cause it to vibrate and the virbation are transferred to the ossicles

Example sentence: The tympanic membrane vibrates when sound waves strike it and transfers the vibrations to the ossicles.

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9
Q

What are the sections of the external ear and their structures?

A

Ear canal - outer portion with hair to filter substances and glands that secrete cerumen
Tympanic membrane- thin, elastic membrane

Example sentence: The external ear consists of the ear canal with hair for filtering substances and glands that secrete cerumen, as well as the thin, elastic tympanic membrane.

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10
Q

The middle ear canal is good for what conducton

A

Bony and air

Example sentence: The middle ear canal is important for conducting both bony and air vibrations.

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11
Q

The middle ear canal will transmit energy of

A

Soundwaves from the air to the fluids in the inner ear that was amplified by the ossicles

Example sentence: The middle ear canal transmits energy from soundwaves in the air to the fluids in the inner ear, which are amplified by the ossicles.

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12
Q

The eustacian tube is the opening in the

A

Middle ear

Example sentence: The eustacian tube is the opening in the middle ear.

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13
Q

What lines the ustacian tibe

A

Mucosal lining that extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Example sentence: The eustacian tube is lined with mucosa that extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

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14
Q

What does eustacian tube do with the TM

A

Equalize pressure of the TM so the TM can transmit waves to the ossicles

Example sentence: The eustacian tube equalizes pressure of the tympanic membrane so it can transmit waves to the ossicles.

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15
Q

The inner ear cochlea houses what 3 parallel tubes

A

Scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media

Example sentence: The cochlea in the inner ear contains three parallel tubes: scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and scala media.

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16
Q

What is the process of sound transduction in the middle ear?

A

The perilymph in the scala vestibuli and tympani move with Transmitted waves
The movement of the scala vestibuli and tympani will eventially disspate by Movement of the round window
Displacement of the endolymph with sound transmission to vestibular membrane
Perilymph and endolymph will transmit the mechanical vibrations from the footplate to the stapes od the organ of croti
The hair cells on the organ of corti that are in contact with the tectorial membrane will move
Action transforms the mechanical energy of the sound waves to electrical impulses stimulating vestibular nerve

Example sentence: The process of sound transduction in the middle ear involves the movement of perilymph, displacement of endolymph, and transformation of mechanical energy to electrical impulses.

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17
Q

The impulses when the get to the vestibular nerve will reach the

A

Nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and then the auditory area of the temporal lobe

Example sentence: The impulses reaching the vestibular nerve travel to nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and finally the auditory area of the temporal lobe.

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18
Q

Normally there is no ___________ between the endolymph and _______

A

Communication; perilymph

Example sentence: Normally, there is no communication between the endolymph and perilymph.

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19
Q

Movement of the head will cause what in the endolymph

A

Movement of the endolymph

Example sentence: Head movement causes movement of the endolymph.

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20
Q

What will happen with movement of the endoplymph

A

Receptor hair cells creat nerve impulse in vestibular portion of the CN VIII where stimuluar is Transmitted to the brain

Example sentence: Movement of the endolymph stimulates receptor hair cells, creating nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.

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21
Q

What is the difference between vertigo and dizziness?

A

Vertigo is the sensation of motion without actual motion.; NO association with syncompe or impending syncope
Dizziness: feeling of being off balanced, faint or woozy

Example sentence: Vertigo is the sensation of motion without actual motion, while dizziness refers to feeling off-balance, faint, or woozy.

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22
Q

What is often noted with Vertigo?

A

Nystagmus

Example sentence: Nystagmus is often noted in cases of vertigo.

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23
Q

What things can cause vertigo

A

Mineires Disease
Disorders of the brains stem or cerebellum
Certain drugs - anticonvulsants and sedatives
Alcohol

Example sentence: Vertigo can be caused by Meniere’s disease, disorders of the brain stem or cerebellum, certain drugs like anticonvulsants and sedatives, and alcohol.

24
Q

What things cause hearing loss stemming from the outer ear

A

Impacted cerumen or foreign body

Example sentence: Hearing loss stemming from the outer ear can be caused by impacted cerumen or foreign bodies.

25
Q

What things cause hearing loss stemming from the Middle ear

A

Fluid effusion
Infection (otitis media)
Tumors
Otosclerosis

Example sentence: Hearing loss stemming from the middle ear can be caused by fluid effusion, infection like otitis media, tumors, and otosclerosis.

26
Q

What things cause hearing loss stemming from noise c

A

Loud nosies

Example sentence: Hearing loss stemming from noise exposure can be caused by loud noises.

27
Q

What medications can cause hearing loss

A

Ototoxic meds like aminoglycosides, chemo agents, high dose loop diuretics

Example sentence: Hearing loss can be caused by ototoxic medications such as aminoglycosides, chemotherapy agents, and high-dose loop diuretics.

28
Q

What are common infectiosn (especially in children) cause hearing loss

A

Meningitis and measles

Example sentence: Common infections like meningitis and measles, especially in children, can cause hearing loss.

29
Q

_________ teratogens like radiation can cuase hearing loss

A

Environmental

Example sentence: Environmental teratogens like radiation can cause hearing loss.

30
Q

What intrauterine infections would cause hearing loss

A

Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
HIV
Toxoplasma

Example sentence: Intrauterine infections such as cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, HIV, and toxoplasma can cause hearing loss.

31
Q

Expsure to what chemicals can lead to hearing loss

A

Solvents and pesticides

Example sentence: Exposure to chemicals like solvents and pesticides can lead to hearing loss.

32
Q

What are common infections that can cause hearing loss, especially in children?

A

Meningitis and measles

Example sentence: Children with measles may develop hearing loss.

33
Q

What are teratogens that can cause hearing loss?

A

Environmental

Teratogens like radiation can cause hearing loss.

34
Q

What intrauterine infections can cause hearing loss?

A

Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Toxoplasma

35
Q

What chemicals can lead to hearing loss?

A

Solvents and pesticides

36
Q

What are maternal metabolic disorders that can lead to hearing loss?

A

Diabetes and hypothyroidism

Maternal metabolic disorders leading to hearing loss.

37
Q

What are the types of hearing loss and their differences?

A

Conductive - sound can’t reach cochlea
Sensorineural - inner ear hearing mechanism is disrupted
Central deafness - destruction of cochlear nuclei in auditory pathways

38
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of conductive hearing loss?

A

Obstruction - cerumen impaction
Mass loading - middle ear effusion
Stiffness effect - otosclerosis
Discontinuity - ossicular disruption

39
Q

What is the progressive hearing loss caused by stapedial fixation?

A

Otosclerosis

Example sentence: Otosclerosis can be accelerated by pregnancy.

40
Q

What is the most common group affected by otosclerosis?

A

Middle-aged Caucasian women

41
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Loss of hearing not directly related to dysfunction of CN VIII

42
Q

What is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Long-term exposure to loud sounds, trauma, medications, aging

43
Q

What do ototoxic medications impact the most?

A

The hair cells in the cochlea

44
Q

When does hearing loss from ototoxic medications typically take effect?

A

Days to weeks post medication completion

45
Q

Which medications are known to be ototoxic?

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Salicylates (aspirin), Quinine and other antimalarials, Cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs (chemotherapy)

46
Q

What is the most common cause of noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss in the US?

A

Trauma from noises on the job, firearms, music, power tools, certain occupations

47
Q

What is the threshold for noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss?

A

85 dB

48
Q

What are the 2 phases of noise-induced hearing loss?

A

Temporary threshold shift, Permanent threshold shift

49
Q

What signs indicate head trauma to the ear?

A

Bleeding and temporal bone fracture

50
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Loss of hearing resulting from disorders in the inner ear not directly related to CN VIII dysfunction

51
Q

What is the excessive accumulation of endolymph in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Meniere disease

Example sentence: Meniere disease can cause vertigo and hearing loss.

52
Q

What is the inflammatory condition of the middle ear that results from Eustachian tube dysfunction? It can be chronic/acute?

A

Otitis media; both

Commonly found with OM: Effusion

53
Q

What is the condition caused by purulent discharge collecting in the mastoid air cells?

A

Mastoiditis

Mastoiditis can lead to deep neck abscesses if the infection tracks under the periosteum of the temporal bone eroding through the mastoid tip.

54
Q

What can increased pressure in the mastoid air cells lead to?

A

Erosion of surrounding bone and the formation of abscess-like cavities

Example sentence: The increased pressure in the mastoid air cells can lead to the erosion of surrounding bone.

55
Q

What can mastoiditis lead to if the infection tracks under the periosteum of the temporal bone?

A

Deep neck abscesses

Example sentence: Mastoiditis can lead to deep neck abscesses if the infection tracks under the periosteum of the temporal bone eroding through the mastoid tip.

CLIN MED 1 (2 decks)

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