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HUNT242 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

Measuring body composition I

1
Q

Two-component model

A

Fat mass (FM) + fat-free mass (FFM)

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2
Q

Three component model

A

Fat mass (FM)+ fat-free mass (FFM)

Fat free mass (FFM)=
- Bone mineral content (BMC)
- Bone-free fat-free mass

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3
Q

Weight alone can be very misleading

A

Doesnt tell us how much of the weight of fat free mass and where is it stored

Depends on how much muscle

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4
Q

Why measure body composition

A

-Health
-Sports performance
-Monitoring growth
-Assessing response to intervention
-Creation of reference values
-Population monitoring

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5
Q

Total Body Composition

A

% fat= (FM/body weight) x 100
%FFM= (FFM/body weight) x 100

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6
Q

Regional Body composition

A

Is fat stored primarily in the central or peripheral regions?

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7
Q

Health risks of obesity depend on …

A

Regional fat distribution as well as total body composition

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8
Q

There are two types of bodies

A

Central (apple)= Android
Peripheral (Pear)=Gynoid

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9
Q

Which one of the two body types is the most concerning for health

A

Central

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10
Q

Central adiposity increases health risks such as?

A

type 2 diabetes
Coronary heart disease
Cardiovascular disease
Arthritis

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11
Q

Central fat=visceral

A

Intra abdominal

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12
Q

Subcutaneous

A

under the skin fat

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13
Q

What fat increases health risks the most

A

visceral fat

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14
Q

When measure regional fat distribution ideally want to measure

A

Visceral fat

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15
Q

Visceral fat is more

A

metabolically active

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16
Q

Many different methods some measure … and others measure …… and some measure both

A

Total body composition

Regional body composition

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17
Q

Two component model explanation

A

measure either FM or FFM and calculate the other from total body weight

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18
Q

Assume composition of FFM is constant which is

A

Not always true- there are always going to be an issue with what method you use

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19
Q

Three main types of approach for two-component model

A

1) Densitometry

2) Electrical resistance of the body

3) External measurement

20
Q

Densitometry

A

1- Underwater weighing
2- Air displacement plethysmography

21
Q

Electrical resistance of the body

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

22
Q

External measurement

A

Anthropometry

23
Q

Density

A

Mass/volume

24
Q

Equations have been developed that allow us to calculate ………… then FFM

A

% fat from total body density

FFM can then be calculated by difference

25
Q

Densitometry- assumptions

A

-The density of fat free mass is constant
-The density of fat does not vary amoung people
-The water content of fat free mass is constant
-The proportion of bone to fat free mass is constant

26
Q

Underwater weighing

A

The amount that has been displaced

You breath out as much as possible (you get emersed for 7 seconds and then you have to do this for about 4 to 12 times)

27
Q

Underwater weighing: Calculation 1

A

Body volume

Mass(air) -mass(water)-RV-100 / body volume

28
Q

Underwater weighing: Calculation 2

A

Body density

Mass(air) / body volume

29
Q

Underwater weighing: Calculation 3

A

% body fat

=((4.95 / body density)- 4.50) x 100

30
Q

Underwater weighing: Advantages

A

-Gold standards
-Accurate
-2% error

31
Q

Underwater weighing: Disadvantages

A

-Density of FFM not necessarily uniform
-Do 4-12 times
-Not suitable for all
-Breathing apparatus to measure lung volume
-Bulky equipment

32
Q

Underwater weighing is known as a …

A

“Gold standard”

33
Q

Air displacement plethysmorgraphy

A

-For example: the BOD POD
-Similar principle to underwater weighing
-Except calculate displaced air rather than displaced water when person is in and out of chamber
-Practical advantages compared with underwater weighing

34
Q

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

A

Body conducts electricity through FFM

Pass weak current through body and measure impedance (resistance + reactance) to current

35
Q

Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Validity can be impacted by:

A

-Hydration status
-Recent physical activity
-Consumption of food/drink
-Menstrual status
-Body position

36
Q

Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Good practice

A

-Avoid alcohol & vigorous exercise 24-48 hours before
-Measure >-2 h after eating and within 30 min of voiding
-Subjects lie down, with limbs not touching body

Improve measurement by adding sex and age

37
Q

Practice the calculations

A

1) Total body water
2)Fat free mass
3)Fat mass
4)Body fat %

38
Q

Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Advantages

A

-Simple
-Cheap
-Portable
-Suitable for all ages

39
Q

Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Limitations

A

-Need to be fasting
-Control recent activity & hydration status
-Need appropriate equation for your participants

40
Q

Anthropometry

A

-Most widely used method
-BMI, skinfolds, circumferences, breadths

41
Q

Anthropometry: Interpret by

A

-Comparing results with reference data: percentiles or standard deviation score (Z-score)

-Using cut offs that relate to risk (morbidity, malnutrition)

42
Q

Anthropometric Reference Data

A

Data need to be developed from group representative of healthy population-need to be specific (age, gender, ethnicity)

Often presented as percentiles

43
Q

Percentiles

A

Describe the position of the measurements in relation to the measurements in relation to the measurements for a population

NB: At the 50th percentile 50% of the population are below that value and 50% are above

44
Q

Anthropometry: Advantages

A

-Simple
-Safe
-Noninvasive
-Cheap
-Portable equipment

Commonly used for large studies

45
Q

Anthropometry: limitations

A

Less accurate so less sensitive to change

Potential sources of error:
- Measurement error
-Variation in tissue composition
-Assumptions may not be valid in disease states or obesity

HUNT242 (15 decks)

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