Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Biochemistry > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define cytoplasm

A

the internal volume enclosed by the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

define plasma membrane

A

the periphery of the cell, separating its contents from the surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define cytosol

A

an aqueous solution, highly concentrated with enzymes and the RNA molecules that encode them, etcs., that makes up the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define genome

A

the complete set of genes, composed of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 6 simple elements that are essential to an organisms’s existence and function?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are cellular organism carbon based?

A

bonding versatility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

Single bonds can rotate freely

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

freedom of rotation around single bonds allows for _____ _____ and different _____

A

freely interconvertible; conformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of bonds do not have free rotation?

A

double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do the restricted rotation of double bonds produce?

A

isomers with different configurations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do geometric isomers need to be interconverted? does anything need to break?

A

they require energy to break the double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a atom that is attached to 4 different groups has a ….

A

chiral center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if a molecule is chiral it cannot be ______ on its mirror image

A

superimposable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

all chiral molecules have at least how many chiral center?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

find the word: something can be placed on top of another object and align exactly with it, so that no difference is noticeable

A

superimposable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the biggest difference between a molecule being chiral or achiral?

A

achiral molecules are superimposable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if a molecule is superimposable, it has to be ______

A

achiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are enantiomers mirror images or not mirror images?

A

mirror images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are diastereomers mirror images or not mirror images?

A

not mirror images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what formula gives you the amount of stereoisomers based on the chiral carbons?

A

n chiral carbons gives 2^n stereoisomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what functional group is this?

A

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what functional group is this?

A

methyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what functional group is this?

A

carbonyl (ketone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what functional group is this?

A

carboxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what functional group is this?

A

ester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what functional group is this?

A

phenyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what functional group is this?

A

sulfhydryl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what functional group is this?

A

disulfide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what functional group is this?

A

amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what functional group is this?

A

phosphoryl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what functional group is this?

A

phosphoanhydride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

as an open system, what can a living organism exchange with its surroundings?

A

matter and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where do organisms derive energy from?

A

their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

conservation of energy
i.e. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the entropy of the universe increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is entropy?

A

a measure of a system’s disorder or randomness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what state will a spontaneous process proceed towards?

A

one with the least potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

does the disorder in the universe increase or decrease in a spontaneous process?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does thermodynamics ultimately tell us?

A

if a reaction is possible and whether it will occur spontaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

does the building of organisms require energy?

A

yes

38
Q

how is Gibbs free energy defined?

A

usable energy content of a biological system

39
Q

match the word to the definition

enthalpy
entropy

measure of disorder
heat content of the system

A

entropy - measure of disorder
enthalpy- heat content of the system

40
Q

what must be the overall charge in free energy for a process to occur?

A

negative

41
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

free energy of the reactants must be greater than the free energy of the products

A

false; Free energy of the products must be less than the
free energy of the reactants

42
Q

fill in the blanks

A
43
Q

fill in the blanks

A
44
Q

as the volume of a substance increases so must its….

A

entropy

45
Q

entropy is a function of …

A

concentration

46
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement
The free energy change of a chemical reaction depends
on the concentrations of reactants and products

A

true

47
Q

what are three main points about a reaction being at equilibrium?

A
  1. rate of product formation equals the rate at which product is converted to reactant
  2. no net change in [ ] of reactants
  3. equilibrium does not mean that the [ ] of reactants and produsts are =
48
Q

what two things does a reaction’s free energy change depend on?

A
  1. a constant term dependent only on the reaction itself
  2. a variable term dependent on the concentration of reactants and products
49
Q

fill in the blank:

A
50
Q

what does delta G tell us?

A

which direction and how far a reaction must go to reach equilibrium when initial concentrations of each component is 1.0M

51
Q

delta G is a function of ….. and measures the ….

A

a function of the actual concentrations of reactants and the temperature; a measure of the distance from equilibrium

52
Q

important formula to know

A
53
Q

fill in the blank:

A
54
Q

what are two ways we can drive unfavorable reactions to occur?

A
  1. you can make an unfavorable reaction favorable by adjusting the concentrations of reactants and products
  2. couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions
55
Q

are endergonic reactions favorable or unfavorable?

A

unfavorable

56
Q

are exergonic reactions favorable or unfavorable?

A

favorable

57
Q

molecules that differ in configuration cannot be:

A

chiral centers that can be interchanged by the rotation of a single bond

58
Q

what does a large (» 1) Keq mean?

A

the formation of products is favored at equilibrium

59
Q

what are hydrogen bonds the result of?

A

the attraction between the oxygen atom of 1 h2O molecule and the hydrogen atom of another h2O molecule

60
Q

true or false? if false, correct statement
h2o molecules are in continuous motion a and hydrogen bonds are randomly breaking and forming

A

true

61
Q

N-H, O-H are common H bonds. what atom formed to hydrogen doesn’t form hydrogen bonds?

A

C-H

62
Q

which of these structures show a strong and weaker hydrogen bond? what detail make one stronger than the other?

A

hydrogen bond geometry affects bond strength

63
Q

what are the two types of bonds in biochemistry?

A

covalent and noncovalent

64
Q

what do atoms in a covalent bond do?

A

share electrons

65
Q

hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions are all examples of what type of bond?

A

noncovalent bonds

66
Q

what are five types of noncovalent bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

67
Q

true or false? if false, correct statement
Non-covalent interactions are individually strong but weak in large numbers

A

false; Non-covalent interactions are individually weak but strong in large numbers

68
Q

what type of molecules are hydrophilic, soluble in water and charged or able to H bond

A

polar molecules

69
Q

what types of molecules are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

A

nonpolar molecules

70
Q

what types of molecules contain both polar and nonpolar components?

A

amphiphilic

71
Q

what type of compound is oil?

A

nonpolar

72
Q

what type of compound is cholesterol?

A

amphiphilic

73
Q

what happens in the hydrophobic effect?

A

it drives the nonpolar components to cluster away from the water and effectively increases the amount of disordered water

74
Q

what is one thing the affects the structure and activity of biological molecules?

A

pH

75
Q

the product of [H+] and [OH-] in any solution must be equal to _____

A

10^-14

76
Q

neutral solution = [H+]=[OH-]= ___

A

10^-7

77
Q

Acidic solution =[H+] > ____

A

10^-7

78
Q

Basic solution = [H+] < _____

A

10^-7

79
Q

changes in the [_____`] are balanced by changes in the [____]

A

[H+]; [OH-]

80
Q

what defines pH?

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions

81
Q

pH= -log [___]

A

[H+]

82
Q

pOH= -log [___]

A

OH-

83
Q

pH + pOH = ___

A

14

84
Q

between acids and bases, which are the proton (H+) donors?

A

acids

85
Q

between acids and bases, which are the proton (H+) acceptors?

A

bases

86
Q

____ acids and bases — _____ completely

A

strong; ionize

87
Q

weak acids and bases don’t dissociate completely in _____

A

h2O

88
Q

tendecy of an acid to lose its proton is defined as ….

A

Keq or Ka

89
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement
The larger the acid’s Ka, the smaller it’s pKa

A

true

90
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement
the stronger the tendency to lose a proton- The weaker the acid

A

false; the stronger
the tendency to lose a proton- The stronger the acid

91
Q

defined buffer

A

aqueous systems that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids (H+) or bases (OH-) are added

92
Q

the flat zone around the pKa of a solution is the _______

A

buffering region

93
Q

why are buffers important in biological systems?

A

-various aspects of biological systems work best at well-defined pH
-buffers help maintain pH within well-defined ranges

94
Q

what is the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation?

A
94
Q

what in our body have optimum pH range for function and if they don’t function, reactions are slow and the organism dies?

A

enzymes

Introduction to Biochemistry (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions