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Pharmacology - Winter > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What neurotransmitter do pre ganglionic nerve fibers release? Where does this synapse occur, and what general receptor do the post ganglionic nerves have?

A

Acetylcholine
Ganglia
Nicotinic Receptors

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1
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic - craniosacral

sympathetic - thoracolumbar

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2
Q

Describe the organization of the PNS:

A

Pre-ganglionic cells leave the CNS through the cranial nerves or the 3rd and 4th sacral nerve roots. The pre-ganglionic fibers are long and synapse with post-ganglionic fibers in ganglia very close to their target. Both pre and post-ganglionic fibers release ACh

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the SNS:

A

Pre-ganglionic fibers exit the CNS via thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. Most synapse at the paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain). Pre-synaptic neurons release ACh. Most post synaptic neurons release NE. Some release: DA, or ACh. The adrenal medulla releases E and NE

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4
Q

list the 5 elements of neurotransmitter function

A 
synthesis
storage
release
receptor activation
termination of action
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5
Q

Explain cholinergic transmission: include synthesis, storage, release, receptor activation and inactivation.

A
  1. Choline + AcetylCoA via ChAT –> Acetylcholine (ACh)
  2. Vesicular storage
  3. AP stimulates release
  4. Binds cholinergic receptors
    a. Nicotinic: in ganglia and skeletal muscles
    b. Muscarinic: ACh released from post-ganglionic fibers
  5. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks ACh into AcetylCoA and choline. Choline is transported back into the nerve terminal and recycled to make new neurotransmitter
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6
Q

Explain adrenergic transmission include: synthesis, storage, release, receptor activation, and inactivation.

A

Tyrosine –> l-dopa –> DA –> NE
stored in vesicles
release activated by AP
binds adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)
NE re-uptake (99%); metabolized by MAO and COMT

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7
Q

List the three different cholinergic, muscarinic receptors and where they are located within the body. Also include their MOA.

A

M1 (Gq): CNS and sweat glands (SNS)
M2 (Gi): heart, smooth muscle, presynaptically on neurons
M3 (Gq): exocrine glands, smooth muscle, endothelium

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8
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic, nicotinic receptors? Where are they located and what is their MOA?

A

Nn (Na+ channel linked): post-ganglionic neurons and pre-synaptic terminals

Nm (Na+ channel linked): skeletal muscle

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9
Q

List the two adrenergic, alpha receptors. Include their location and MOA.

A 
Alpha 1 (Gq): smooth muscle
Alpha 2 (Gi): pre-synaptic terminals, lipocytes, smooth muscle and platelets
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10
Q

List the three beta, adrenergic receptors including their locations and MOA:

A 
Beta 1 (Gs): many pre and post synaptic sites, heart
Beta 2 (Gs): smooth muscle, bronchioles, heart
Beta 3 (Gs): lipocytes
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11
Q

Explain the concept of Neurotransmitter release modulation:

A

Pre-synaptic receptors at nerve terminals can be activated to increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters. alpha 2 and beta 1 receptors stimulate increased NE release while M2 receptors decrease NE release. These receptors can be auto or hetero-receptors

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12
Q

Which branch of the ANS is said to be trophotropic? Which branch of the ANS is said to be ergotrophic?

A

PNS. This means to facilitate growth. “rest and digest”

SNS. This means to facilitate energy expenditure. “fight or flight”

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13
Q

Describe the innervation of the eye:

  1. Iris radial muscle
  2. Iris circular muscle
  3. ciliary muscle
  • include branch of ANS, receptor type and end result
A
  1. SNS (alpha 1) - contracts the radial muscle to dilate the pupil
  2. PNS (M3) - contracts the circular muscle to constrict the pupil
  3. SNS (beta) and PNS (M3) - SNS stimulation relaxes the ciliary muscles causing the suspensory ligaments to tighten while PNS stimulation causes the ciliary muscles to contract, allowing you to accommodate to near vision
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14
Q

Describe the innervation of the heart:

  1. SA node
  2. Ectopic pacemakers
  3. Myocytes (contractility)
A
  1. SNS (beta 1, beta 2) - accelerates heart
    PNS (M2) - slows heart
  2. SNS (beta 1, beta 2) - accelerates heart
  3. SNS (beta 1, beta 2) - increases contractility
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15
Q

Describe blood vessel innervation:

  1. Skin, splanchnic vessels
  2. skeletal muscle vessels
A
  1. SNS (alpha): contracts
  2. SNS (alpha): contracts
    SNS (beta 2): relaxes
16
Q

Describe innervation of bronchiolar smooth muscle:

A

SNS (beta 2): relaxes

PNS (M3): contracts

17
Q

Describe the innervation of the GI tract:

  1. smooth muscle
    a. walls
    b. sphincters
  2. secretions
A 
1a. SNS (alpha 2 and beta 2): relaxes
      PNS (M3): contracts
1b. SNS (alpha 1): contracts
      PNS (M3): relaxes
2. PNS (M3): increases
18
Q

Describe the innervation of GU smooth muscle:

  1. bladder wall
  2. sphincter
  3. uterus
  4. penis
A
  1. SNS (beta 2) relaxes; PNS (M3) contracts
  2. SNS (alpha 1) contracts; PNS (M3) relaxes
  3. SNS (beta 2) relaxes
  4. SNS (alpha) ejaculation; PNS (M) erection
19
Q

Describe the innervation of the skin:

  1. pilomotor smooth muscle
  2. sweat glands
    a. eccrine
    b. apocrine (stress)
A
  1. SNS (alpha) contracts
    2a. SNS (M) increases secretion
    2b. SNS (alpha) increases secretion
20
Q

describe innervation and metabolic functions:

  1. Liver
  2. Fat Cells
  3. Kidney
A
  1. SNS (beta 2 and alpha): gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis
  2. SNS (beta 3): lipolysis
  3. SNS (beta 1): renin release
21
Q

Describe three ways to treat glaucoma:

A
  1. Alpha agonists: bind to alpha receptors and cause the radial iris muscle to contract and the pupil to dilate. This allows for increased aqueous humor drainage
  2. Beta blockers: bind beta receptors and prevent agonists from stimulating production of additional aqueous humor
  3. M3 agonists: this causes the ciliary muscles to contract and suspensory ligaments to slacken. The trabecular mesh work opens and the aqueous humor more readily drains through shlemm’s canal.

Pharmacology - Winter (2 decks)

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