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Environmental and Occupational Health > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental health history

Hippocrates

Achievements and advancements in public health

A

460 BC
Wrote “On Airs, Waters, and Places”
Hippocratic Oath

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2
Q

Environmental health history

Romans

Public Health Advancements

A

300 BC
Sewer systems (aqueducts)

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3
Q

Environmental health history

Pliny the Elder

advancements/achievements

A

200-100 BC
Father of occupational health
documented mining hazards

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4
Q

Environmental health history

Parliament

advancements/achievements

A

1200s
discussions on the coal industry

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5
Q

Environmental health history

Vob Ausberg

advancements/achievements

A

1472
Studied CO, Hg, Pb effects on humans

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6
Q

Environmental health history

Paracelsus

advancements/achievments

A

1567
Studied mine and smelter worker’s diseases
concentration can impact toxicity

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7
Q

Environmental health history

John Graunt

advancements

A

Public health and occumental health studies

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8
Q

Environmental health history

Jenner

advancements

A

cowpox/smallpox innoculation

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9
Q

Environmental health history

Malthus

advancements

A

Overpopulation effects on public health

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10
Q

Environmental health history

Ramazzini

advancements

A

1700s
Diseases of workers

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11
Q

Environmental health history

Percival Pott

advancements

A

1700s
Studied chimney sweeps and testicular cancer

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12
Q

Environmental health history

When did the modern theory of public health become popular?

A

Mid to late 1800s

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13
Q

Environmental health history

John Snow

Advancements

A

Studied water pumps to trace source of cholera in London

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14
Q

Environmental health history

Advancements of the 1800s

A

Bacteriology
Conservation
Sanitation
Toxicology

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15
Q

Environmental health history

Conservation movement

A

Thoreau and stewardship
Theodore Roosevelt
FDR
Focus on environmental protections

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16
Q

Environmental health history

Advancements of the 1900s

A

Workers comp
“The Jungle” and FDA
Lead and insecticide warnings
Emissions laws
Studies on air pollution (dust bowl)
Studies on occupation-specific ailments

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17
Q

Environmental health history

Advancements during WWII

A

Nuclear bomb testing
Wartime research on DDT
“Age of Chemicals”

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18
Q

Environmental health history

Advancements after WWII

changes relating to ph

A

Industrial & agricultural boom
Consumerism takes env toll

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19
Q

Environmental health history

Modern Environmental Movement

A

1950s
Donoroa, PA
London Killer fog

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20
Q

Environmental health history

Silent Spring

A

important for modern env mvmt
thinning eggshells from DDT lead to bird deaths

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21
Q

Environmental health history

Why did the environmental movement stick around in the US?

A

HIGHLY politicized after vietnam
We have a large scientific population
Degredation is visible to us
People were affected by pollution
Env disasters occurred

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22
Q

Environmental health history

Detractors from modern environmental movement

A

Threatened corporations
Seen as the latest fad among “hippies”

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23
Q

Environmental health history

Advancements during the 1970s-80s

A

Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
TSCA, FIFRA

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24
Q

Current Environmental Health Issues

A

Scientifically complex
Theoretical & far in future
Majorly impacts places far from us
Less motivation for policy action

25
Q

Environmental health perspectives

Four ways we view environmental protection

A

Stewardship
Imperalism
Romanticism
Utilitarianism

26
Q

Env hlth perspectives

Stewardship

A

Humans are stewards of nature
We hold a privelege to protect the earth

27
Q

Env hlth perspectives

Imperialism

A

Humans have right to control
Controlling nature = respect from god
science must control nature

28
Q

Env hlth perspectives

Romanticism

A

End of 18th century
artists, poets, writers
reaction to imperialist views
exalted in the beauty of nature

29
Q

Env hlth perspectives

Utilitarianism

A

Happiness is most important
Humans should be most valued

30
Q

Environmental health definition

A

Assessing, understanding, and controlling the impacts of people on their environment & the impacts of the environment on them

31
Q

Ways to define environment

Inner vs Outer Environment

A

One within and outside the body
We are one with our environment

32
Q

Ways to define environment

Personal vs Ambient Environment

A

We have control over our personal environment but not our ambient environment
Personal environment consists of things like our hygeine and behaviors

33
Q

Ways to define environment

Gaseous, Liquid, & Solid Environments

A

Environments exist in one of these forms
People interact with all of them
Earth is subject to pollution in all of these forms

34
Q

Ways to define environment

Chemical

A

Toxic wastes & pesticides in outdoor env
Chemicals used in home and industry
Preservatives used in foods

35
Q

Ways to define environment

Biological

A

Organisms in food and water
Transmission thru insect and animals
Tranmission from person to person

36
Q

Ways to define environment

Physical

A

Injuries and deaths from accidents
Noise, heat, and cold
Radiation

37
Q

Ways to define environment

Socioeconomic

A

Harder to measure and evaulate
Economically depressed areas have lower health
Disadvanted bear disproportionate risk

38
Q

Population & environment

Problems

A

Decrease in human mortaility
Increase in lifespan and growth
Increase in waste production
Overconsumption
Environmental degredation

39
Q

Mitigating problems

Why is it so hard to control many of these environmental issues?

A

So many controls in place lead to other problems
eg. Incineration of trash leads to atomospheric pollution
Discharge of So2 and No leads to acid deposition
Discharge of CO leads to global warming
Chemicals benefit mankind but harm environment

40
Q

Population

Birth Rate

A

The number of individuals added to a population thru reporoduction
Number of live births per 1000

41
Q

Population

Death Rate

A

Total deaths divided by population midyear

42
Q

Population

Rate of natural increase

A

Death rate from birthrate
Growth rate without migration

43
Q

Population

Age and Sex distribution

A

Has effect on birth/death rates
probability of dying or giving birth w/in any year depends upon age and sex of the population

44
Q

Population

More Developed Countries

Natural Increase

A

Low rate of natural increase
Birth and death rates are level

45
Q

Population

Less developed countries

Natural Increase

A

High rate of natural increase
Birth rates exceed death rates

46
Q

Population

Immigration

A

Immigration can cause competition for resources
Immigration or emigration reveals things about a country

47
Q

Population

PUSH migration factors

A

Hardship
Persecution
Deficit
Burden

48
Q

Population

PULL migration factors

A

Opportunity
Freedom
Diversity
Quality

49
Q

Population Trends

What kept overpopulation at bay for 300,000 years?

A

Plague, floods, famines, inability to preserve food, pandemics

50
Q

Population trends

What has increased population?

A

Fire and tools
Agricultural practices
Industrial revolution
Improved public health

51
Q

Population Trends

Population Statistics

A

Population is growing at a rate of 1.4% annually
Overpopulation is the result of this

52
Q

Population trends

Predictions

A

Population will stabilizie at 11.5 billion
Around the year 2150
1.76 billion will be born in LDCs in the next 20 years
Urbanization and megacities

53
Q

Population

Urbanization

A

The mass migration of people to cities

54
Q

Urbanization

Why are so many people moving to cities?

A

Collapsing rural economies
Poverty, landlessness, and lack of jobs
Cities have better job opportunities and social services

55
Q

Urbanization

Megacities

A

Cities with populations over 10 million
21 megacities as of now
9 of 10 largest cities are in developing countries

56
Q

Urbanization

What are the megacities?

A

Tokyo
New York City
Seoul
Mexico City
Bombay
Sao Paulo
Osaka
LA
Cairo
Jakarta
Beunos Aires
Calcutta
Moscow
Delhi
London
Rio
Istanbul
Tehran

57
Q

Urbanization

Problems with megacities

A

Problems with sanitation
less protection for humans and env
pollution
spread of disease
highly vulnerable to natural disasters
slums
strain on health systems

58
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Essay on the principle of population (1798)
Population will grow faster than it can be fed
Population grows exponentially, agriculture grows arithmetically

Environmental and Occupational Health (2 decks)

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