Lecture 1 Flashcards
Environmental health history
Hippocrates
Achievements and advancements in public health
460 BC
Wrote “On Airs, Waters, and Places”
Hippocratic Oath
Environmental health history
Romans
Public Health Advancements
300 BC
Sewer systems (aqueducts)
Environmental health history
Pliny the Elder
advancements/achievements
200-100 BC
Father of occupational health
documented mining hazards
Environmental health history
Parliament
advancements/achievements
1200s
discussions on the coal industry
Environmental health history
Vob Ausberg
advancements/achievements
1472
Studied CO, Hg, Pb effects on humans
Environmental health history
Paracelsus
advancements/achievments
1567
Studied mine and smelter worker’s diseases
concentration can impact toxicity
Environmental health history
John Graunt
advancements
Public health and occumental health studies
Environmental health history
Jenner
advancements
cowpox/smallpox innoculation
Environmental health history
Malthus
advancements
Overpopulation effects on public health
Environmental health history
Ramazzini
advancements
1700s
Diseases of workers
Environmental health history
Percival Pott
advancements
1700s
Studied chimney sweeps and testicular cancer
Environmental health history
When did the modern theory of public health become popular?
Mid to late 1800s
Environmental health history
John Snow
Advancements
Studied water pumps to trace source of cholera in London
Environmental health history
Advancements of the 1800s
Bacteriology
Conservation
Sanitation
Toxicology
Environmental health history
Conservation movement
Thoreau and stewardship
Theodore Roosevelt
FDR
Focus on environmental protections
Environmental health history
Advancements of the 1900s
Workers comp
“The Jungle” and FDA
Lead and insecticide warnings
Emissions laws
Studies on air pollution (dust bowl)
Studies on occupation-specific ailments
Environmental health history
Advancements during WWII
Nuclear bomb testing
Wartime research on DDT
“Age of Chemicals”
Environmental health history
Advancements after WWII
changes relating to ph
Industrial & agricultural boom
Consumerism takes env toll
Environmental health history
Modern Environmental Movement
1950s
Donoroa, PA
London Killer fog
Environmental health history
Silent Spring
important for modern env mvmt
thinning eggshells from DDT lead to bird deaths
Environmental health history
Why did the environmental movement stick around in the US?
HIGHLY politicized after vietnam
We have a large scientific population
Degredation is visible to us
People were affected by pollution
Env disasters occurred
Environmental health history
Detractors from modern environmental movement
Threatened corporations
Seen as the latest fad among “hippies”
Environmental health history
Advancements during the 1970s-80s
Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
TSCA, FIFRA
Current Environmental Health Issues
Scientifically complex
Theoretical & far in future
Majorly impacts places far from us
Less motivation for policy action
Environmental health perspectives
Four ways we view environmental protection
Stewardship
Imperalism
Romanticism
Utilitarianism
Env hlth perspectives
Stewardship
Humans are stewards of nature
We hold a privelege to protect the earth
Env hlth perspectives
Imperialism
Humans have right to control
Controlling nature = respect from god
science must control nature
Env hlth perspectives
Romanticism
End of 18th century
artists, poets, writers
reaction to imperialist views
exalted in the beauty of nature
Env hlth perspectives
Utilitarianism
Happiness is most important
Humans should be most valued
Environmental health definition
Assessing, understanding, and controlling the impacts of people on their environment & the impacts of the environment on them
Ways to define environment
Inner vs Outer Environment
One within and outside the body
We are one with our environment
Ways to define environment
Personal vs Ambient Environment
We have control over our personal environment but not our ambient environment
Personal environment consists of things like our hygeine and behaviors
Ways to define environment
Gaseous, Liquid, & Solid Environments
Environments exist in one of these forms
People interact with all of them
Earth is subject to pollution in all of these forms
Ways to define environment
Chemical
Toxic wastes & pesticides in outdoor env
Chemicals used in home and industry
Preservatives used in foods
Ways to define environment
Biological
Organisms in food and water
Transmission thru insect and animals
Tranmission from person to person
Ways to define environment
Physical
Injuries and deaths from accidents
Noise, heat, and cold
Radiation
Ways to define environment
Socioeconomic
Harder to measure and evaulate
Economically depressed areas have lower health
Disadvanted bear disproportionate risk
Population & environment
Problems
Decrease in human mortaility
Increase in lifespan and growth
Increase in waste production
Overconsumption
Environmental degredation
Mitigating problems
Why is it so hard to control many of these environmental issues?
So many controls in place lead to other problems
eg. Incineration of trash leads to atomospheric pollution
Discharge of So2 and No leads to acid deposition
Discharge of CO leads to global warming
Chemicals benefit mankind but harm environment
Population
Birth Rate
The number of individuals added to a population thru reporoduction
Number of live births per 1000
Population
Death Rate
Total deaths divided by population midyear
Population
Rate of natural increase
Death rate from birthrate
Growth rate without migration
Population
Age and Sex distribution
Has effect on birth/death rates
probability of dying or giving birth w/in any year depends upon age and sex of the population
Population
More Developed Countries
Natural Increase
Low rate of natural increase
Birth and death rates are level
Population
Less developed countries
Natural Increase
High rate of natural increase
Birth rates exceed death rates
Population
Immigration
Immigration can cause competition for resources
Immigration or emigration reveals things about a country
Population
PUSH migration factors
Hardship
Persecution
Deficit
Burden
Population
PULL migration factors
Opportunity
Freedom
Diversity
Quality
Population Trends
What kept overpopulation at bay for 300,000 years?
Plague, floods, famines, inability to preserve food, pandemics
Population trends
What has increased population?
Fire and tools
Agricultural practices
Industrial revolution
Improved public health
Population Trends
Population Statistics
Population is growing at a rate of 1.4% annually
Overpopulation is the result of this
Population trends
Predictions
Population will stabilizie at 11.5 billion
Around the year 2150
1.76 billion will be born in LDCs in the next 20 years
Urbanization and megacities
Population
Urbanization
The mass migration of people to cities
Urbanization
Why are so many people moving to cities?
Collapsing rural economies
Poverty, landlessness, and lack of jobs
Cities have better job opportunities and social services
Urbanization
Megacities
Cities with populations over 10 million
21 megacities as of now
9 of 10 largest cities are in developing countries
Urbanization
What are the megacities?
Tokyo
New York City
Seoul
Mexico City
Bombay
Sao Paulo
Osaka
LA
Cairo
Jakarta
Beunos Aires
Calcutta
Moscow
Delhi
London
Rio
Istanbul
Tehran
Urbanization
Problems with megacities
Problems with sanitation
less protection for humans and env
pollution
spread of disease
highly vulnerable to natural disasters
slums
strain on health systems
Thomas Malthus
Essay on the principle of population (1798)
Population will grow faster than it can be fed
Population grows exponentially, agriculture grows arithmetically
