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DBMS > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the foundation of technological
activity

A

Data

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2
Q

a highly organized collection
of assembled data

A

Database

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3
Q

sophisticated software that controls the database and the database environment

A

Database Management System

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4
Q

tokens or “counters” that were used for record keep dates back to what year

A

8500 B.C

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5
Q

the recording of data to keep track of how much a person has produced and what it can be bartered or sold for.

A

Record-keeping

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6
Q

originated in the trading
centers of fourteenth century Italy.

A

Double-entry bookkeeping

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7
Q

The earliest known example of double entry bookkeeping is from a merchant in Genoa and dates to the year

A

1340

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8
Q

he produced an adding machine that was an early version of today’s mechanical automobile odometers

A

Blaise Pascal

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9
Q

Invented in 1805 by Joseph Marie
Jacquard of France.

A

Punched Cards

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10
Q

method of storing fabric patterns, a form of graphic data, as holes in punched cards was a very clever means of data storage

A

Punched Cards

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11
Q

punched cards were invented by

A

Jacquard of France 1805

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12
Q

he arranged to have the census data stored in punched cards and invented machinery to tabulate them.

A

Herman Hollerith

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13
Q

In 1896 Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Company to produce and commercially market his devices – this later became

A

IBM

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14
Q

he developed devices to automatically feed cards into the equipment and to automatically print results

A

James Powers

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15
Q

In 1911 he established the Powers Tabulating Machine Company – this later became Unisys Corporation

A

James Powers

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16
Q

Time Periods:

The introduction of electronic computers.

Witnessed a boom in economic development.

From this point onward, it would be virtually impossible to tie advances in computing devices to specific, landmark data storage and retrieval needs

A

Mid - 1950s

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17
Q

The earliest form of modern data storage, introduced in the 1870s and 1880

A

Punched paper tape

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18
Q

these were the only data storage medium used in the increasingly sophisticated electromechanical accounting machines of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s.

A

Punched cards

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19
Q

Time Periods:

Era of erasable magnetic storage begins.

Early development of magnetic tape for data recording.

Magnetic tape concept developed for commercial use by multiple companies.

A

1930s,1940s, 1950

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20
Q

commercially available units in
1952.

A

Magnetic Tape

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21
Q

began to be
developed at MIT in the late 1930s and early 1940s

A

Direct Access Magnetic Devices

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22
Q

early 1950s; forerunners of
magnetic disk technology

A

Magnetic Drum

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23
Q

commercially available in mid
1950s

A

Magnetic Disk

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24
Q

introduced as a data storage
medium in 1985

A

Compact Disk (CD)

25
Q

Flash drives

A

Solid-state technology

26
Q

Involves a company protecting its data from theft,
malicious destruction, deliberate attempts at making phony changes to the data.

A

Data Security

27
Q

Ensuring that even employees who normally have access to the company’s data are given access only to the specific data that they need in their work

A

Data Privacy

28
Q

The ability to reconstruct data if it is lost or corrupted.

A

Backup and Recovery

29
Q

Data is often stored multiple times within a company’s system. New applications create additional data files. Duplication occurs within single files and across multiple files.

A

Data Accuracy

30
Q

A collection of related data

A

Database

31
Q

Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.

A

Data

32
Q

Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a
university.

A

Mini-world

33
Q

A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database.

A

Database Management System (DBMS)

34
Q

The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.

A

Database System

35
Q

Defines database structure, data types, and constraints.

Loads initial database contents onto secondary storage.

Manipulates data: Retrieval (querying, reports), Modification (insertions, deletions, updates).

Access via web applications.

Supports concurrent user and application access while maintaining data validity and consistency.

A

Typical DBMS Functionality

36
Q

is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database.

A

Data Abstraction

37
Q

is a major part of database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second.

A

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

38
Q

guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted

A

Concurrency control

39
Q

ensures each completed transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the database

A

Recovery subsystem

40
Q

Users are categorized into

A

“Actors on the Scene”

“Workers Behind the Scene”

41
Q

Actors on the scene:

Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations.

A

Database administrators:

42
Q

Actors on the scene:

Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs

A

Database Designers

43
Q

Actors on the scene:

They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update the database content.

A

End-users

44
Q

Actors on the scene:

End-users can be categorized into

A

Casual: access database occasionally when needed

Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section of the end-user population.

45
Q

Database End Users:

These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others
thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.

Many use tools in the form of software packages that work
closely with the stored database

A

Sophisticated

46
Q

Database End Users:

Maintain personal databases with packaged applications.
Example: Tax program users with internal databases.
Example: Individuals managing personal photo and video databases.

A

Stand-alone

47
Q

Actors on the Scene:

This category currently accounts for a very large proportion of the IT work force

A

System Analysts and Application Developers

48
Q

Actors on the Scene:

They understand the user requirements of naïve and sophisticated users and design applications including canned transactions to meet those requirements.

A

System Analysts

49
Q

Actors on the Scene:

Implement the specifications developed by analysts and test and debug them before deployment

A

Application Programmers

50
Q

Actors on the Scene:

There is an increasing need for such people who can analyze vast amounts of business data and real-time data (“Big Data”) for better decision making related to planning, advertising, marketing etc.

A

Business Analysts

51
Q

Actors behind the Scene:

Create and test DBMS modules, interfaces, and ensure compatibility with other system components

A

System Designers and Implementors

52
Q

Actors Behind the Scene:

Design software tools for database modeling, performance monitoring, prototyping, etc., aiding application development and database usage

A

Tool Developers

53
Q

Actors Behind the Scene:

Manage hardware and software maintenance and operation of the database system.

A

Operators and Maintenance Personnel

54
Q

Historical Development of Database Technology:

these were introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies

A

The Hierarchical and Network Models

55
Q

Historical Development of Database Technology:

was originally introduced in 1970, was heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research and several universities

Products emerged in the early 1980s

A

Relational model

56
Q

Historical Development of Database Technology:

were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications

A

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
(OODBMSs)

57
Q

Category of Users:

Utilize and manage database content, design, develop, and maintain database applications.

A

“Actors on the Scene”

58
Q

Category of Users:

Design, develop DBMS software, related tools, and manage computer systems operations

A

“Actors Behind the Scene”

DBMS (10 decks)

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