Lecture 1

Question 1

The Motor System
Responsible for?

Answer 1

Controls voluntary movement

Allows thought to be transformed into movement

Disorders vary depending on site and size of the lesion to motor system

Voluntary motor pathways to muscles originate in the brain

Question 2

Neuromotor Speech Disorders

Answer 2

Neuromotor speech disorders
Apraxia
Dysarthria

Question 3

Neuromotor speech disorders
Due to

Answer 3

Lesions to the motor control centers
in the central or peripheral nervous system

Question 4

Apraxia

Answer 4

Impaired coordination of movements facilitating sequences of speech sounds. Abnormal programming of the articulators.
There is no paralysis, weakness or incoordination of the muscles.

Question 5

Dysarthria
Definition and 5 areas that are affected

Answer 5

Disturbed neuromuscular control of the speech mechanism due to CNS or PNS damage. Speech movements are abnormal :
Strength
Speed
Range
Tone
Accuracy

Question 6

Dysarthria
Due to what?

Answer 6

Dysarthria is manifested by disrupted or distorted oral communication due to:
paralysis
weakness
abnormal tone
incoordination of the muscles used in speech

Each type of dysarthria has different auditory-perceptual characteristics.
SLPs can identify an early symptom of a neurological disorder.

Question 7

Dysarthria
How are the movement impaired and what is affected

Answer 7

Movements may be impaired in force, timing, endurance, direction and range of motion.
Strength, Speed, Range, Tone, Accuracy
Involuntary movements (dyskinesias)
Sites of lesion:
bilateral cortical damage
cranial nerves and spinal nerve (respiration)
basal ganglia
cerebellum.

Question 8

Cerebrum
Lobes

Answer 8

Includes four “lobes”
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

Question 9

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 9

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 10

The cerebral cortex
Does what ?

Answer 10

The cortical motor area in the frontal lobe plans and sequences motor activity

Question 11

The primary motor cortex (motor strip)

Answer 11

the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
controls movements on both sides of the body.

Question 12

The premotor area is in front of the motor strip: does what ?

Answer 12

integrates and refines oral motor output

Question 13

The supplementary motor cortex

Answer 13

Timing of sequential behaviors

Question 14

The Direct Motor System
What are the two tracts ?

Answer 14

The direct system
corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.

The corticobulbar pathway
starts at the motor strip and premotor area, and descends to the cranial nerves in the medulla

The corticospinal pathway
descends from the base of the skull to the spinal nerves.

Question 15

Pyramidal System
Where does it travel ?

Answer 15

Pyramidal

Descending from cortex

Travels to brainstem and spinal cord

Voluntary control of muscles

Question 16

Extrapyramidal System
Where does it travel ?

Answer 16

Extrapyramidal

Descending from brainstem

Travels to various structures, including the basal nuclei and the cerebellum.

Involuntary control of muscles

Question 17

The Motor Unit
What is release in order to facilitate nerve impulses?

Answer 17

The Motor Unit

the MU includes:
the nerve cells in the spinal cord or in the brain stem.
At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released in order to facilitate the nerve impulse reaching the muscle from the peripheral nerve.

Question 18

Upper motor neuron.

Answer 18

The neurons of the direct and indirect systems which come out from the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord, basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 19

Lower motor neuron

Answer 19

-the peripheral nervous system:
consists of cranial and spinal nerves
an integration of the nerve signals from the direct, indirect, and cerebellar pathways.

Question 20

1. Neurocognitive
   (cognitive-linguistic processes)

Answer 20

When thoughts, feelings, and emotions
make an intent to communicate verbally,
they must be coordinated and translated
into a code (rules of language).

Question 21

2. Neuromotor Processes

Answer 21

 The intended verbal message must
be organized for neuromuscular
execution, including:
o selection
o sequencing
o regulation of sensorimotor
“programs” that activate speech
muscles at appropriate:
o motor speech planning
o programming
o control.
o coarticulated times
o durations

Question 22

3. Neuromuscular execution to
   generate an acoustic signal
   musculoskeletal activities.

Answer 22

3. Neuromuscular execution to
   generate an acoustic signal
   musculoskeletal activities.
    The neural and neuromuscular
   transmission and subsequent muscle
   contractions and movements of speech
   structures.
    Central and peripheral nervous
   system activity must combine to execute
   speech motor programs by innervating
   muscles:
    Breathing
    Phonatory
    Resonatory
    Articulatory
    Prosody