Lecture 1

Question 1

Encephalocentric Theory

Answer 1

Hippocrates (460-379 BCE)
* The brain is the organ of the
mind
* Epilepsy caused by the brain
* Lateralization of function

Question 2

Cardiocentric Theory

Answer 2

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
* Thoughts are generated by the
heart
* Brain moderates the activity of
the heart

Question 3

Dualism

Answer 3

Plato (~428-348 CE)
- Body:
visible
changeable
mortal
- Soul:
invisible
unchangeable
immortal

Question 4

Monism

Answer 4

Epicurus (341-270 BCE)
- “. . . the soul is a body of fine particles”
- The “soul” is corporeal
- Materialism

Question 5

Psychic Pneuma

Answer 5

e.g., Herophilus (325-255 BCE)
Galen (130-200 CE)
- Psychic pneuma is invisible like air
- It is responsible for perception, cognition, and action
- It emanates from ventricles and fills the nerves

Question 6

Rene Descartes (1596-1650 CE)

Answer 6

– French philosopher
– Mind-body dualism (Cartesian
Dualism)
* Human body is a machine
– Changes in ventricle pressure
determine behavior
– Reflexes
– Experiments could be done to test
ideas
* Mind is of an immaterial substance
– Introspection
* Mind interacts with body through the
pineal gland

Question 7

Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1822 CE

Answer 7

– French physician (Born German)
– Cranioscopy or Phrenology
– Localization of Function

Question 8

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens
(1794-1867 CE)

Answer 8

– French physiologist
– Removed or damaged brain
areas of animals to ascertain
brain function
– There was localization of
function in subcortical structures
but not in the cortex.

Question 9

Paul Broca (1824-1880 CE)

Answer 9

– French Surgeon
– Examined Patient “Tan”
– Localization of function: speech
production

Question 10

Areas Involved in Language

Answer 10

Auditory Cortex
Mouth & Lip Motor Control
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Angular Gyrus

Question 11

Neglect
(Spatial Neglect or Hemispatial Neglect)

Answer 11

Occurs with damage of the parietal and
temporal regions of the right side (most
commonly) of the brain; often resulting
from stroke.
A failure to pay attention to objects on
the left side (most commonly) of space
and one’s body.

Question 12

Human Psychosurgery

Answer 12

• first psychosurgery was performed by
  Swiss Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt in 1891
  – Portuguese neuroscientist Antonio Egas
  Moniz (& Almeida Lima) performed
  frontal leucotomies in 1930’s (Moniz
  received Nobel Prize