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DDT > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

`What is Disease?

A

-Any disturbance of the structure or function of the body
-A structural and functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism
-Some changes are normal; body cells, tissues and organs adjust to minor
fluctuations in their environment and maintain homeostatsis or balance
-Certain times major changes occur naturally; pregnancy and puberty

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2
Q

What is Pathology?

A

study of disease
-Pathologist: physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues
-Clinician: physician/health care professional that cares for patients
-Symptoms: subjective manifestations such as pain or weakness
-Signs: physical findings or objective manifestations such as swelling or redness

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3
Q

Symptomatic disease

A

with symptoms and/or sign
ex. hypertention (sign=blood pressure change)

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4
Q

Asymptomatic disease

A

no signs or symptoms
-Distinction between asymptomatic and symptomatic depends on extent
-Early stages of disease usually
-If not treated, progresses to symptomatic
ex.STD

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5
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease
Ex. viruses and bacteria, malaria – sign is plasmodium syndrom (single cell organism that causes malaria)

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6
Q

Etiologic agent

A

responsible for causing disease

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7
Q

Pathogenesis

A

process of development of disease

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7
Q

Pathogen

A

any microorganism that causes disease

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8
Q

Chronic Disease

A

develops and worsens over extended period of time, as in atherosclerosis
Ex. Cancer, diabetes

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9
Q

Acute disease

A

symptoms appear and change or worsen rapidly, as in a heart attack
Ex. flu, fracture

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10
Q

classification of Disease – 5 Main Types
1. Congenital and hereditary diseases

A

-Developmental disturbances
-Causes: genetic abnormalities; abnormalities in chromosome number or distribution; intrauterine injury; interaction of genetic and environmental factors
-Hemophilia (hereditary), German measles (congenital)
Ex.Sickle cell Anaemia (hereditary)

Mutation passed down from sperm or egg either one or btoh parents, passes through zygotes, to baby

Congentital = some prblem during fetal developemnet, zygote could have been normal but the mother could have been in warzone so a lot of stress
Alcohol and smoking can put child at greater risk but not necessary that it will happen

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11
Q
  1. Inflammatory diseases
A

-Body reacts to injury through an inflammatory process
-Bacteria or microbiologic agents: sore throat
Allergic reaction: hay fever
-Autoimmune diseases: SLE, diabetes type 1
-Unknown etiology

Inflammatory- inflamation importat for body to prevent diseases from getting worse and warn white blood cells to fight and go to certain area
Example- remitiry retoisis (joins inflamed) , diabetes

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12
Q
  1. Degenerative diseases
A

-Tissue or organ degeneration as a result of aging or breakdown
-Osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis

as we age, example= alziemers, muscular atropy, osteoporosis, retinitus, dementia,
If child breaks leg, unlikely that surgeury needed, but post menopausal woman at 65 has higher chance of infection and mortality rate

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13
Q
  1. Metabolic diseases
A

-Disturbance in metabolic process in body
-Hyper- or hypothyroidism, fluid and electrolyte imbalance

problems with metabolism-diabetes

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14
Q
  1. Neoplastic diseases
A

Uncontrolled cell growth
-Benign: lipoma
-Malignant: Lung cancer

Basis of classification
1. Similarity of lesions
2. Similarity of pathogenesis

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15
Q

DIAGNOSTICS

A

determination of nature and cause of illness
-Clinical history
-Physical examination
-Differential diagnosis

Prognosis: eventual outcome of disease Treatment
-Specific treatment – directed at underlying cause
-Symptomatic treatment – alleviates symptoms but does not influence course of disease

16
Q

CLINICAL HISTORY

A
  1. History of current illness
    Severity, time of onset, and character of patient’s symptoms
  2. Medical history
    Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems
  3. Family history
    Health of patient’s parents and family members; diseases that run in families
  4. Social history
    Patient’s occupation, habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, general health, current problems
  5. Review of symptoms
    Symptoms other than disclosed in history of present illness, suggesting other parts of the body affected by disease
17
Q

physical exam

A

Physical examination
-Systematic examination of patient, with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness
-Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history

Differential diagnosis
-Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient’s symptoms and signs
-Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic procedures
-Opinion of medical consultant may be sought

18
Q

diagnostic tests (Screening tests )

A

for detection of disease - Detect early asymptomatic diseases amenable to treatment to prevent or minimize late-stage organ damage

Others include:
Topical swabs
Faeces
Bronchiolar lavage
Biopsy
Sputum (think mucus in lungs)
Serum
Plasma

19
Q

Diagnostic tests (Clinical laboratory tests)

A

-Purpose: To determine concentration of substances in blood or urine frequently altered by disease
Uses:
-Determine concentration or activity of enzymes in the blood
-Evaluate function of organs
Monitor response of certain cancers to treatment
-Detect disease-producing organisms in urine, blood, faeces
-Determine response to antibiotics

20
Q

Diagnostic tests (Screening for genetic diseases)

A

-To screen for carriers of some genetic diseases transmitted from parent to child as either dominant or recessive trait
-Identifying carriers allows affected persons to make decisions on future childbearing or management of current pregnancy
-Example: recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8% of Black population

21
Q

Diagnostic tests - Tests of electrical activity

A

to measure electrical impulses associated with bodily functions and activities
-ECG: measures serial changes in electrical activity of the heart in various phases of the cardiac cycle

22
Q

Diagnostic tests- Radioisotope (radionucleotide) studies:

A

-evaluate organ function by determining rate of uptake and excretion of substances labeled with a radioisotope
Uses:
-Anemia: radioisotope-labeled vitamin B12
-Hyperthyroidism: radioactive iodine

23
Q

Diagnostic test - Endoscopy

A

-To examine interior of body using rigid or flexible tubular instruments equipped with lens and light source
-To perform surgery formerly done through large abdominal incisions
>Bronchoscope: trachea and major bronchi
>Cystoscope: bladder
>Laparoscope: abdomen

24
Q

Diagnostic test - Ultrasound

A

Mapping echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into body; echoes reflect change in tissue density, producing images

25
Q

Diagnostic test - X-Ray

A

-Principle: use of high-energy radiation waves at lower doses to produce images to help diagnose disease
-Can penetrate through tissues at varying degrees depending on tissue density
-Act on a photographic film or plate (roentgenogram) as the rays leave the body
-Radiopaque: appears white on film; high-density tissues such as bone absorb most of the rays
-Radiolucent: appears dark on film; low-density tissues allow rays to pass through

26
Q

Diagnostic test - CT scan

A

Computed tomographic (CT) scans
Principle: radiation detectors record amount of X-rays or ionizing radiation absorbed by body and feed data into a computer that reconstructs the data into an image
Radiopaque and radiolucent tissues appear white and dark as in a conventional x-ray
Individual organs sharply demarcated by planes of fat that appear dark because of its low density
Delivers higher dose of ionizing radiation than x-ray
Uses of computed tomographic (CT) scans
Cancer screening asymptomatic individuals
Detect abnormalities in internal organs that cannot otherwise be identified by standard x-ray

27
Q

Diagnostic test - MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging )

A

Principle: computer-constructed images of body based on response of hydrogen protons in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field
Protons align in the direction of the magnetic field
Protons are temporarily dislodged and wobble when radiofrequency waves are directed at them
Protons emit a measurable signal (resonance) that can be used to construct images
Intensity of resonance depends on water content of tissues, strength and duration of radiofrequency pulse

28
Q

MRI: advantages over CT scan

A

Does not use ionizing radiation
Can detect abnormalities in tissues surrounded by bone, such as spinal cord, orbit, skull
Bone interferes with scanning because of its density but does not produce an image in MRI because of its low water content
Uses
Multiple sclerosis
Superior to mammography in detecting breast cancer

29
Q

Diagnostic test - Cytologic and Histologic examinations

A

Papanicolau (Pap) smear: identifies abnormal cells in fluids or secretions; for recognizing early changes that may be associated with cervical and other cancers
Biopsy: tissue samples obtained for histologic examination to determine abnormal structural and cellular patterns accompanying disease
Liver, kidney, bone marrow

30
Q

Therapeutics

A

In medicine, ‘the branch that deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing’

In pharmacology, ‘therapeutics accordingly refers to the use of drugs and the method of their administration in the treatment of disease’

31
Q

Pharmaceutical therapy

A

Many types including:
Pain relief
Adjustment of enzyme levels
Replacement of natural protein
Control of hormone levels

32
Q

chemotherapy

A

-Eliminates cells that divide frequently
-Cancer cells + rapidly dividing normal cells found in the:
-Mouth, skin, hair, bone marrow, digestive tract, kidneys, bladder
-Lungs, nervous system, reproductive system
-Normal cells recover quickly, side effects disappear gradually
-How soon the patient will feel better depends on overall health, types of anticancer drugs used
-E.g. Cisplatin, 5 fluorouracil

33
Q

Gene Therapy

A

DDT (2 decks)

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