Lecture 1 Flashcards
up until protein targeting
When were cells first discovered and by who?
1650, Robert Hooke
When were bacterial cells discovered and by who?
1678, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the “father of microbiology”
What happened in 1838?
Schleiden and Swann proposed all living organisms (plants and animals) were built out of fundamental building blocks called cells
What happened in 1855?
Virchow proposed cells only arose from other cells
What’s hyperplasia?
increasing cell numbers
What’s hypertrophy?
increasing cell size
Cell biology theory
- all known living things are made up of 1 or more cells
- all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
- the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things
- the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
- energy flow occurs within cells
- cells contain DNA (found in the chromosome and RNA found in the nucleus and cytoplasm)
- all cells have the same chemical composition in organisms of similar species
Examples of membrane bound organelles
mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, vesicles (not true organelle)
What’s in the nucleus
nuclear membrane (double layered), DNA (chromosomes), chromatin, rRNA, nucleoplasm and nuclear pores
What do nuclear pores allow?
import/export of proteins and RNA in/out the nucleus
where is rRNA synthesis happening in the nucleus?
nucleolus
Where are chromosomes found in the nucleus?
in their designated domains, unknown how this is regulated
What’s in the cytoplasm?
organelles, cytoskeleton and soluble enzymes
What are membranes?
phospholipids found on the outer membrane and some organelles, contains protein components and some attach to the extracellular matrix, bind outside molecules and other cells
Where does DNA, RNA and transcription occur in the nucleus?
between the space between the double membrane
