Lecture 1

Question 1

views of ancient egypt

Answer 1

the heart is the seat of the soul, not the head. the brain was removed during mummification

Question 2

views of ancient greece

Answer 2

correlation between structure and function

Question 3

theories of bodily humours

Answer 3

-blood (warm humour) –> heart; jovial and warm character
-pituiary (lymph, phlegm) –> brain; stolid character
-yellow bile –> liver; anxious character
-black bile (black bile, cold and dry) –> spleen; melancolic character

the personality shifts based on the balance of these liquids

Question 4

views of the roman empire

Answer 4

-dissections of human cadavers were forbidden
-explored the roles of the brain, cerebellum, and ventricles
-cerebrum is soft –> sensations
-cerebellum is hard –> controls muscles

Question 5

views of the renaissance

Answer 5

fluid-mechanical theory of brain function (animal spirits moved in the ventricles)
-i think therefore i am

Question 6

views of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries

Answer 6

-description of nerves
-discarding spirit animals theories (nerves are not tubes)
-distinction between gray and white matter. white matter is in continuity with nerves. therefore, white matter contains fibers that shuttles information to or from the gray matter

Question 7

views of the renaissance to the XIXth century

Answer 7

anatomical description of gyri, sulci, and fissures
therefore, we went from a bipartite brain (galen) to the XIXth century when the brain was thought of as being composed of 5 parts

Question 8

views of the XIXth century

Answer 8

-central divisions: central nervous system (CNC)
-peripheral divisions: peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 9

Central nervous system

Answer 9

brain and spinal cord

Question 10

peripheral nervous system

Answer 10

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 11

views of the XIXth century: electric transmission

Answer 11

-nerves are capable of transmitting electricity
-the nervous system can generate electricity

Question 12

views of the XIXth century: localization of function

Answer 12

-which parts of the brain are involved with motor function? sensory function?
-bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits
-motor areas
-visual areas

Question 13

evolution of the nervous system

Answer 13

-natural selection
-diverse species have a common ancestor (nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms)
-rationale for “animal models”

Question 14

levels of analysis

Answer 14

molecular
cellular
systems (or network)
behavioural
cognitive