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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Disease

A

Infection with subsequent symptoms

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2
Q

Definition of Asymptomatic Carrier

A

Reservoir of pathogenic organisms

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3
Q

What is the spectrum of infection

A

Sum of species that can be infected by a pathogenic organism.
How many species can serve as a host for a pathogen.

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4
Q

Infectious dose

A

minimal number of microorganisms required to cause an infection in a host

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5
Q

Puerperal sepsis definition

A

defined as an infection of the genital tract occuring at any time between rupture of membrane or labour or postpartum.

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6
Q

infection

A

colonization of a host by a pathogenic organism

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7
Q

pathogenic organisms

A

microorganism and small, biological active units that under certain conditions can infect a higher organism and cause disease

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8
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a whole species to cause an infection or disease

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9
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Do not cause disease in normal habitat and a healthy person

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10
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity of members of a species; strain-specific trait; host-dependent

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11
Q

incidence of disease

A

Number of people developing a disease during a particular period of time

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12
Q

Prevalence of Disease

A

Number of people suffering from a disease during a given time period (no matter when they first developed symptoms)

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13
Q

Acute Disease

A

Rapid Development, usually short duration (eg. influenza)

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14
Q

Chronic Development

A

Slow development, may continue for a long time (eg. tuberculosis, leprosy, hepatitis B)

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15
Q

Latent disease

A

Causative agent remains inactive for sometime but may become active at any time and may cause symptoms (eg. shingles caused by varicella virus)

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16
Q

Local Infection

A

Small area in the body invaded by pathogens.(eg. pimples by Staphylococcus aureus)

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17
Q

Systemic Infection

A

Pathogens and their products spread throughout the body by blood or lymph (eg. measles)

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18
Q

Focal infection

A

pathogen from local infection enter blood or lymph and spread to the other confined body parts (eg. endocarditis by oral streptococci)

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19
Q

Bacteremia

A

Presence of pathogens in the blood

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20
Q

Septicemia

A

Pathogens able to multiply in the blood

21
Q

Sepsis

A

Toxic inflammatory condition by spread of pathogens or their toxic products

22
Q

Primary infection

A

Acute infection with symptoms

23
Q

Secondary Infection

A

Caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection

24
Q

Measuring Virulence (lethal dose 50)

A

number of pathogens that will kill 50% of an experimental group of hosts

25
Q

Measuring Virulence (infectious dose 50)

A

number of pathogens that will infect 50% of an experimental group of hosts

26
Q

Epidemiology

A

Science concerned with the distribution and prevalence of communicable diseases in populations. World travel offers pathogens many opportunities for transmission

27
Q

Epidemic Disease

A

A disease that occurs in a unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time

28
Q

Pandemic

A

A worldwide epidemic

29
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Collecting data about affected individuals, place and period in which disease occured.
Often Retrospective

30
Q

Analytical Epidemiology

A

Looking for factors that preceded the disease: age, sex, nutrition, risk factors, socioeconomic status, location, genetic background etc.

31
Q

Anthrax

A

Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by gram positive, rod shaped bacteria known as bacillus anthracis

32
Q

How was anthrax detected?

A

Detedtion of aerobic rods in the spleen of cattle that died of anthrax

33
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Presence of pathogenic organism in all persons with the respective disease in the respective body region.
  2. Isolation of pathogenic organism from infected person and propagation as pure culture in the laboratory.
  3. Infection of human/animal by pure culture results in the same symptoms of disease.
  4. Repeated isolation of pathogenic organism and propagation as pure culture.
34
Q

Pathogenic Organisms identified by Robert Koch

A

Bacillus Anthracis: Anthrax
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis
Vibrio Cholerae: Cholera
Yersinia Pestis: Plague
Salmonella Typhi: Typhoid fever

35
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Major threat to patients with cystic fibrosis.
common encapsulated, gram-negative, aerobic facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals including humans.

36
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Can cause different kinds of disease.
species of gram positive, aerotolerant(can survive despite presence of oxygen) bacteria.

37
Q

3 infections only to humans

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae

38
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

cannot be grown on artificial media.

39
Q

Rickettsia

A

Require host cells for multiplication.

40
Q

Escherichia Choli

A

Non-pathogenic, enteropathogenic and uropathogenic strains present.

41
Q

Salmonella Typhimurium(mice)

A

causes typhoid fever in mice but relatively mild diarrhea in humans

42
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

causes typhoid fever in humans

43
Q

Meningitis

A

Can be caused by different pathogens.
infection of meninges that line our brain

44
Q

Limitations of Koch’s Postulates

A

Host is not taken into account.(opportunistic pathogens)
Non-culturable pathogens not taken into account.
Not all strains of one species are equally virulent.
Results of animal experiments connot be directly transferred to humans.
One disease can be caused by different pathogens.
One pathogen can cause different diseases.

45
Q

Microbiota

A

The types of organisms present in a specific environment (organ system or entire organ).

46
Q

Microbiome

A

Functional collection of microbes (the microbes, their genes and metabolites) in a specific environment.

47
Q

Commensal Flora

A

Act on the host’s immune system to induce protective responses that prevent colonization and invasion by opportunistic pathogens.

48
Q

Human Microbiota now called

A

Normal flora or resident flora

49
Q
A

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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