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BMS100 Neurophysiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

nervous system that surrounds digestive tract

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1
Q

What information has direct communication to the brain?

A

special senses –> cranial nerve

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2
Q

What information goes through the spinal cord first?

A

somatic sensory, non-cranial

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3
Q

What is somatic sensory, non-cranial communicated through?

A

spinal nerves

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4
Q

What are special senses?

A

hearing, equilibrium, sight, smell, taste

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5
Q

Where does communication go directly from the brain?

A

somatic motor, cranial: cranial skeletal muscles –> cranial nerves

visceral motor: parasympathetic nervous system –> cranial nerves

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6
Q

What information goes from brain to spinal cord and then out?

A

somatic motor, non-cranial (non-cranial skeletal muscles) –> spinal nerves

visceral motor, ANS (all SNS & sacral PaNS) –> spinal nerves

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7
Q

What is white matter?

A

collections of myelinated axons in the central nervous system

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8
Q

What is myelin?

A

multi-layer lipid coat that ‘insulates’ axons - formed by specialized glial cells in the PSN and CNS

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9
Q

T/F: Although both the PNS and CNS have myelinated axons, only the PNS has white matter

A

False, Only CNS has white matter

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10
Q

What does myelin increase?

A

velocity signal transmission along an axon

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11
Q

What is gray matter?

A

areas of CNS that have relatively few myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is gray matter mostly comprised of?

A

neuronal & glial cell bodies

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13
Q

What helps myelin made of that helps conduction?

A

fat

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14
Q

What is a tract?

A

collection of axons in the CNS

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15
Q

What are large tracts usually?

A

white matter

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16
Q

What is a nerve?

A

collection of axons in the PNS

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17
Q

The longer an axon is, the more __ the information it carries –> more likely it will be __

A

crucial; myelinated

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18
Q

How do dendrites connect with other neurons?

A

via synapses

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19
Q

What are dendrites?

A

the receivers

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20
Q

inputs from other neurons are __ –> __ is made based on inputs regarding whether the neuron will send a signal.

A

integrated; decision

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21
Q

What are the sites of integration?

A

axon hillick

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22
Q

Where does the neuron send a signal down?

A

the axon

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23
Q

Much of the volume of the cerebral cortex is __ matter

A

white

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24
Q

Gray matter forms a relatively __ layer superficially

A

thin

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25
Q

Axons/nerve in the __ can sometimes regenerate after damage.

A

PNS

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26
Q

T/F: The CNS is much less isolated than the CNS

A

False, PNS is less isolated

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27
Q

Are there fewer neuronal bodies in the PNS or CNS?

A

PNS

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28
Q

ctions of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

ganglia

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29
Q

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

nuclei

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30
Q

Basal nuclei are often known as?

A

basal ganglia

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31
Q

Both nuclei and ganglia will contain axons, but more of the volume of these structures is devoted to?

A

neuronal and glial cell bodies

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

What protects the CNS?

A

blood brain barrier

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33
Q

How are nuclei grouped?

A

by criteria:
- same anatomical area
- same function

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34
Q

What are 3 glial cell types?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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35
Q

What are fluid spaces within the CNS?

A

Ventricles, ependymal cells, choroid plexus
Interstitial fluid

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36
Q

What are functions of the astrocyte?

A

forms part of BBB
regulates interstitial fluid composition
provides structural support & organization to the CNS
assists w/ neuronal development
replicated to occupy space of dying neurons

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37
Q

What are functions of the oligodendrocytes?

A

myelinates & insulates CNS axons
allows faster action potential propagation along axons in the CNS

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38
Q

What are functions of microglial cells?

A

phagocytic cells that move through CNS
protects CNS by engulfing infectious agents & other
potential harmful substances
fight pathogens
If the pathogen cannot be eliminated by resident microglia, they “call in” other white blood cells through secretion of soluble factors (cytokines) and can present antigen to other immune cells

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39
Q

What are functions of ependymal cells?

A

lines ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord
assists in production and circulation of CSF

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40
Q

What has the numerous cells in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

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41
Q

Where are astrocytes highest in number?

A

gray matter

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42
Q

What role do astrocytes have in the CNS?

A
  • Facilitate the formation and strengthening of synapses (neuroplasticity)
  • Regulate the concentration of ions in the interstitial fluid (K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, Ca+2)
  • Structural support for the brain
    Intermediate filament - GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)
  • Barrier functions – induce the formation of the BBB at the brain microvasculature, form a “limiting membrane” at the external CNS surface
  • “Feed” neurons – help extract nutrients from the blood, provide nutrients to neurons to support energy metabolism
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43
Q

How are astrocytes connected to each other?

A

via gap junctions

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44
Q

Small “tunnels” that connect the intracellular fluid of astrocytes to each other (span the cell membranes and connect cell to cell) in a network are known as?

A

syncytium

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45
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

compacted layers of cell membrane rich in sphingolipids that have very little cytosol

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46
Q

Each process wraps around the axon of a CNS neuron many times, “sheathing” the axon in myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

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47
Q

What is the function of myeline?

A

Increases the speed with which an action potential moves down an axon
Reduces the energy consumed by movement of an action potential down an axon – more efficient signaling

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48
Q

What are microglial cells derived from?

A

blood-borne immune cells (monocytes) that migrate into CNS

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49
Q

What is the space around the periphery of the brain called?

A

subarachnoid space

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50
Q

How many ventricles are within particular compartments of the brain?

A

4

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51
Q

Where is CSF?

A

Within the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord

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52
Q

CSF is a specialized fluid formed from the?

A

choroid plexus

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53
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

complex of capillaries and epithelial cells

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54
Q

Where is the choroid plexus?

A

Mostly located in the lateral ventricles

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55
Q

What is the production and circulation of CSF?

A

Produced in the floor of the lateral ventricle by the choroid plexus
Moves from the lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle
Circulates into the subarachnoid space and down the spinal cord
Eventually absorbed by specialized structures known as arachnoid granulations

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56
Q

What absorbs CSF?

A

arachnoid granulations

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57
Q

What do arachnoid granulations do?

A

transport CSF fluid into venous structures

58
Q

Ependymal cells that line the ventricles are __

A

ciliated

59
Q

What are tight junctions around choroid plexus meant to prevent?

A

unwanted substances from entering CSF

60
Q

What Selectively transports water, electrolytes, nutrients from blood to CSF?

A

choroid plexus

61
Q

The interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) of the brain and spinal cord is formed by?

A

Filtration of CSF from the ventricles through the ependymal cells
Regulated filtration of fluid through capillaries deeper in the CNS tissue

62
Q

What does the BBB keep out?

A

immune cells
noxious wastes and toxins
pathogens

63
Q

Astrocytes contact capillaries in the CSF via structures known as?

A

endfeet

64
Q

What do endfeet cause?

A

increased tight junction expression in capillary endothelial cells

65
Q

What to endfeet tell capillaries?

A

to transport into the CNS tissue
- Cause endothelial cells to express transport proteins for desirable molecules and inhibit expression of pro-inflammatory signals

66
Q

What is the BB made up of?

A

astrocytes & capillaries

67
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

Nerve and ganglion structure
Nature of the Blood-Nerve Barrier (BNB)
Glial cell types:
- Schwann Cells
- Satellite cells

68
Q

What composes a nerve?

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

69
Q

What is the epinderium?

A

strong, fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds each nerve
Blood vessels run within this layer

70
Q

What are blood vessels call that run in the epinerium?

A

vasa nervorum

71
Q

What is endonerium?

A

delicate connective tissue layer that surrounds individual axons

72
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

surrounds bundles of axons (some myelinated, some not) known as fascicles

73
Q

What are the perineurium formed by?

A

fibroblast-like cells arranged in sheets 2-6 cells thick

74
Q

Tight junctions are found between perinerium, what does this allow?

A

therefore the perineural layer can regulate what moves into the fascicle

75
Q

What are the layers of a nerve from innermost to outermost?

A

perineurium
epineurium

76
Q

What is barrier 1 of the BNB?

A

the cells of the perineurium and the tight junctions between them

77
Q

What is barrier 2 of the BNB?

A

the endothelial cells that line the capillaries within the fascicles also express many tight junctions

78
Q

What do both barriers of the BNB do?

A

actively regulate the movement of ions and immune cells into the fascicles

79
Q

BBB is much more permissive to the entrance of white blood cells (leukocytes) than the BNB

A

False, BNB than BBB

80
Q

Why may we relate the ability of peripheral nerves to regenerate after being severed?

A

because of the permissive BNB

81
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

provide the myelin sheath for axons within fascicles

82
Q

How are schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes?

A

that one cell only myelinate one axon

83
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

surround, protect, and nourish neuronal cell bodies

84
Q

Where are satellite located?

A

in ganglia

85
Q

Multiple satellite cells are closely apposed to neuronal cell bodies with roles in?

A

nutritional and ionic homeostasis

86
Q

What are key components of neurons?

A

Dendrites, dendritic spines, and synapses
Structures of the soma
The axon, axon hillock, and synaptic terminals
Axonal transport

87
Q

Dendrites are the “__” area of the neuron

A

input

88
Q

What do dendrites connect to?

A

soma of neuron

89
Q

Why are the spines of dendrites close to axon terminal?

A

to form synapses

90
Q

More “effective” dendritic spines are ones that carry more information to? What do they look like?

A

rest of neuron
tend to be larger, broader, and “mushroom-shaped”

91
Q

T/F: axons in the PNS have multiple schwann cells

A

True

92
Q

Spine maturation of the dendrites make what more effective?

A

synapse

93
Q

Which spines are shown to elicit more effective neuronal responses when they are stimulated?

A

mushroom
branched

94
Q

Which dendritic spine is immature & looking for a connection w/ an axon terminal?

A

filopodia

95
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis for the rest of the nruon?

A

soma

96
Q

What is nissl substance/bodies?

A

basophilic area nearby the nucleus composed of lots of free ribosomes and rER

97
Q

What are found in the soma?

A

Microtubules, actin microfilaments, and neurofilaments

98
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

intermediate filaments that are more concentrated in axons

99
Q

what do neurofilaments do?

A

provide structural stability for neuronal processes

100
Q

What does microtubules having opposite orientation in dendrites vs. axons do?

A

Ensures that dendritic and axonal components are directed to the right places

101
Q

The axon, axon hillock, and synaptic terminals are the sites of?

A

unique electrical phenomenon of the cell membrane known as an action potential

102
Q

T/F: Axons can be myelinated by Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

True

103
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

myelin-free segments that separate myelin sheaths

104
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier cruical for?

A

action potential generation

105
Q

What is the morphology of pseudo-unipolar neurons?

A

These neurons have a distal process that either interacts with a sensory receptor or serves as a sensory receptor (A)
The proximal process synapses in the CNS (B)
process that connects A to B behaves as axon

106
Q

What is an example of pseudo-unipolar neurons ?

A

dorsal root ganglion cells

107
Q

What is the morphology of bipolar neurons?

A

These neurons have a distal process (A) that acts as a dendrite – it either serves as a sensory receptor or interacts with a sensory receptor
The proximal process synapses in the CNS – it is an axon and conducts action potentials (B)

108
Q

Where do we see bipolar neurons?

A

Typical of neurons that detect the special senses – vision, hearing, smell

109
Q

Where do we see pdeudo-unipolar neurons?

A

somatic sense

110
Q

What is the most common neuron?

A

multipolar

111
Q

What is this an example of?

A

multipolar neuron

112
Q

How do multipolar neurons recieve information?

A

from other neurons via synaptic terminals

113
Q

What does the cell body of a multipolar neuron do?

A

summates and integrates this information

114
Q

What does the axon of the multipolar neuron do?

A

carries action potentials to:
Other neurons
Glands
Muscle tissue

115
Q

Multipolar neurons are typical of all?

A

interneurons & somatic motor neurons

116
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

nerves that carry (sensory) information to the central nervous system

117
Q

What are cranial nerve afferents?

A

Special Senses
- CN I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X
Somatic Senses
- Mostly CN V
Visceral Sensory
- CN IX and X
- Baroreceptors
- Visceral sensation from most of the alimentary tract, lungs, heart

118
Q

Sensation is composed of a number of distinct steps (not all need to be present):

A
  • Detection of a physical/chemical stimulus by some type of receptor
  • Transduction
  • Other neurons at various levels of the central nervous system can detect the electrical impulse and modify its intensity and route the signal to various CNS locations
  • Perception
119
Q

What is transduction?

A

transforming the physical stimulus into an electrical impulse that can be carried along an axon

120
Q

What is perception?

A

conscious awareness of the sensation – this occurs at the level of the cortex

121
Q

What sensory afferent information is not percieved?

A

osmolarity, blood pressure etc.

122
Q

What influences perception?

A

neurons modifying the intensity

123
Q

What are afferent that ascend through the spinal cord?

A

Somatic sensation below the neck
-Skin receptors – pain, temperature, fine and coarse touch, vibration
- Joint and intra-muscular receptors – golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint receptors –> proprioception

Visceral sensation
- Distal portions of the colon
- Bladder
- Reproductive organs

124
Q

When does a motor response occur?

A

after sensory input is integrated usually by circuits involving multiple neurons

125
Q

What is a motor system?

A

a motor neuron synapses with some sort of effector so that it can activate it when the neuron is excited

126
Q

What is excitation/action potential?

A

multiple electrical signals travelling down the axon

127
Q

Skeletal muscle (voluntary movements)
Smooth muscle (blood vessels, GI tract, genitourinary tract, respiratory tract)
Glands (endocrine or exocrine)
are examples of?

A

effectors

128
Q

What is efferent?

A

neurons that carry information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system

129
Q

What is somatic motor efferents?

A

control of skeletal muscles
- Usually voluntary
- Some we don’t have conscious control over (i.e. middle ear muscles)

130
Q

What are major cranial nerves, somatic motor?

A

CN VII, V, XI: movement of face, muscles of mastication, shrugging
CN IX, X, XII: tongue/swallowing
CN III, IV, VI: muscles of eyes

131
Q

Efferents for skeletal muscles below the neck are part of the?

A

corticospinal tract

132
Q

What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract?

A

Axons from neurons in the pre-central gyrus decussate and descend down the spinal cord –> Synapse on anterior horn motor neuron –> Axon of anterior horn motor neuron exits the central nervous system as a spinal nerve

133
Q

What are visceral motor efferents - cranial nerve PaNS?

A
  • CN X – PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system
  • CN III – PaNS control over pupillary muscles
  • CN VII, IX – PaNS control over salivary, tear glands
134
Q

What are visceral motor efferents - spinal nerve ANS & PaNS?

A
  • SNS control for the heart, lungs, proximal GI tract
  • SNS control for pupillary muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
  • SNS and PaNS control for distal GI tract, reproductive structures, bladder
135
Q

What are components of the ANS?

A
  • SNS
  • PaNS
  • ENS
136
Q

What is the SNS?

A
  • fight or flight
137
Q

What happens during fight or flight?

A

Increases heart rate and cardiac output
Improves ventilation
Decreases digestive function
Increases glucose availability (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis)
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart
Decreases blood flow to GI tract, skin, kidneys
Major hormones/neurotransmitters: epinephrine and norepinephrine

138
Q

Where is paravertebral ganglia in the SNS?

A

adjacent to the vertebral column

139
Q

Where are prevertebral ganglia in the SNS?

A

Anterior to vertebral column

140
Q

What is the PaNS?

A

rest and digest

141
Q

What happens during rest and digest?

A

Decreases heart rate and cardiac output
Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion
Increases digestive function and GI motility
Increases blood flow to digestive tract
Major neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

142
Q

What are the two main pathways of the PaNS?

A

vagus nerve
sacral nerves

143
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervates?

A

all of the visceral efferents up to the proximal large bowel

144
Q

What do the sacral nerves innervate?

A

all of the visceral efferents to the rest of the large bowel, kidney, reproductive organs

145
Q

Where are ganglia located in the PaNS?

A

located closer to target organs

BMS100 Neurophysiology (3 decks)

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