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Infectious diseases midterm > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 infectious microorganisms?

A

-HIV
-Influenza
-STAPHYLOCOCCUSAUREUS
-STREPTOCOCCUSPNEUMONIAE
-SALMONELLAENTERITIDIS
-MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

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2
Q

What are the sizes of microorganisms?

A

-Viruses (0.03-0.3uM)
-Bacteria (0.1-10uM)
-Microscopic protozoa and fungi (4-10uM)

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3
Q

Naked Viruses contains what?

A

Capsid & Nucleic acid

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4
Q

Enveloped Viruses contain what?

A

-Envelope
-Spike
-Capsid
-Nucleic acid

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5
Q

T/F: Viruses are not cells

A

True

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6
Q

Slide 13 review differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
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7
Q

T/F: Bacteria are prokaryotes

A

True

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8
Q

Fungi and parasites are what?

A

eukaryotic organisms represented by single-cell and complex organisms

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9
Q

Sources and Sites of Infection

A

-Direct vs Indirect (contact)
-Horizontal vs Vertical (mother to fetus)

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10
Q

Slide 17 memorize

A
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11
Q

What are the classes of microorganisms?

A

Microbiome (normal flora)

Commensal (resident, symbiotic, core microbiome)

Transient colonization (transients, secondary microbiome)

Opportunistic (carrier state)

Pathogenic

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12
Q

Commensal Microorganisms ??

A

Endogenous flora
> 1000 species in the human body; billions of organisms
Microbiota – cohorts of microbes in specific body regions

Provide many benefits
Process digested food
Provide essential vitamins/growth factors
Protect against invasion of pathogens

In a constant state of flux dependent on age, diet, health
Microbial populations change in response to illness or treatment with antibiotics (dysbiosis)

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13
Q

What are Virulence?

A

Circumstances that allow a microorganism to achieve infection and cause disease with varying degrees of severity

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14
Q

Virulence factors are…

A

gaining access to the body
avoiding multiple host defenses
colonization of the host
parasitizing host resources
inducing toxicity and damage

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15
Q

Influences on the Microbiome

A

-Host physiology
-Environement
-Immune System
-Host genotype
-Lifestyle
-Pathobiology

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16
Q

Human Microbiome Project is

A

Effort to sample and analyze the genome of microbes from five sites on the human body

Nose
Oral cavity
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Urogenital tract

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17
Q

Viral Classification

A

All viruses are intracellular pathogens

All viruses must use some components of the hosts cellular biosynthetic machinery

All viruses are nucleic acid based

All viruses replicate by assembly of components

All viruses are composed of the viral genome, a protective coat & associated enzymes/proteins

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18
Q

All viruses are composed of

A

the viral genome, a protective coat & associated enzymes/proteins

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19
Q

Nucleic Acids consist of

A

DNA or RNA
single or double stranded
linear or circular
continuous or segmented genome

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20
Q

Outer layer consist of

A

capsid (naked)
envelope
VAPs (viral attachment proteins)

21
Q

Capsid shape

A

spherical
icosahedral (icosadeltahedral)
filamentous
brick-shaped
bullet-shaped

22
Q

+RNA

A

(N)-Picorna Calici
(E)-Toga Flavi Corona

23
Q

-RNA

A

(E)- Rhabdo Filo Orthomyxo Paramyxo Bunya Arena

24
Q

+/-RNA

A

(Double Capsid)- Reo

25
Q

+RNA via DNA

A

(E) Retro

26
Q

slide 45

A
27
Q

Enveloped

A

Pox Herpes Hepadna

28
Q

Naked Capsid

A

Polyoma Papilloma Adeno Parvo(ss)

29
Q

Slide 48

A
30
Q

Viral Replication steps

A

1) Recognize target cell
2) Attachment
3) Penetration/Fusion
4) Uncoating of virion
5) Transcription
6) Protein synthesis
7) Replication
8) Assembly
9) Release

31
Q

Viruses can be

A

-Productive: Lyse the infected cell (lytic response)

Non-productive
Lysogenic– integration of viral genome into host genome or formation of extrachromosomal plasmid

Oncogenic transformation
Persistent – latent or chronic

32
Q

Cells can be

A

Permissive
Allow viral replication or integration

Non-permissive
Do not allow replication but may be transformative
Abortive – no replication but cause cell death

33
Q

Target recognition & attachment

A

VAPs, host range, tissue tropism

34
Q

Penetration

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis (viropexis), membrane fusion

35
Q

Uncoating

A

remove coat, deliver to site of replication

36
Q

Synthesis

A

early gene products – non-structural proteins, replication

late gene products – structural proteins

37
Q

T/F: Most DNA Viruses generate mRNA thru splicing

A

TRUE

From the same DNA, many different mRNA transcripts are translated into proteins

38
Q

Segmented RNA genomes

A

one segment encodes one proteins

39
Q

Some viruses have one long RNA(-) genomic strand from which mRNA can be directly transcribed

A

just know this

40
Q

Protein synthesis

A

requires host ribosomes, tRNA & post-translational machinery

41
Q

At Ribosomes:

A

produce giant, genome-spanning
polyprotein

produce smaller polypeptides

produce individual proteins

42
Q

achieve preferential translation by

A

block mRNAs

degrade host DNA & mRNA

decrease cellular transcript access/concentration

43
Q

Assembly

A

recognition sequences allow protein:protein, protein:nucleic acid and protein:membrane interactions

for budding, viral membrane proteins (like spike proteins) inserted into plasma membrane

44
Q

Release

A

bud from plasma membrane
bud through ER/Golgi (remain intracellular)
pass through ER & transported to surface (endosomes)
cell lysis
cell-cell bridge

45
Q

DNA viruses do what?

A

Uses the host cell DNA-dependent, RNA polymerase to make mRNA

Uses freshly made DNA-dependent, DNA polymerase to copy DNA

46
Q

(+) RNA VIRUSES do what?

A

(+)RNA viruses can begin translation by ribosomes as soon as the genome is uncoated

Will still encode for a viral polymerase to copy the genome for replication (RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase)

47
Q

(-) RNA VIRUSES

A

(-)RNA viruses must carry a viral RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase to transcribe the negative strand into mRNA

L PROTEIN

48
Q

Viral genetics are

A

Parental (wild-type)

Mutants (change in coding sequences)
viruses have terrible polymerases; lots of errors

Lethal mutations
Deletion mutants
Plaque mutants
Host range mutants
Attenuated mutants
Conditional mutants

49
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

Codon should be UUU translated to AAA (Lysine); mutation created CUU which is translated to GAA (Glutamic acid

Infectious diseases midterm (5 decks)

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