Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is a diagnosis of Autism based on?
behaviour
up until the 60s, autism was seen as a symptom of what disorder?
schizophrenia
who described severely withdrawn schizophrenic patients to have autism?
The psychiatrist Eugene Bleur
Bleur: ‘ withdrawal into…
one’s inner world’
who used the word ‘autism’ in the context used today?
psychiatrist Leo Kanner
Kanner: ‘ Autistic Distubrances of Affective Contact’ - what term was used?
infantile autism
what behaviours did Kanner notice in his clinic: aloneness and an absence of….
emotional contact
what behaviours did Kanner notice in his clinic: what sort of routines?
bizarre and repetitive
what behaviours did Kanner notice in his clinic: muteness and …
abnormal speech
who first described children as autistic?
Kanner
The pattern of behaviour termed ‘autistic psychopathy’ was coined by:
Hans Asperger
Characteristics of autistic psychopathy:
absence of empathy,
inability to make friendships,
monotone speech/ one-sided convo
specific interests
clumsy movements
Who preceded Asperger?
Kanner
how did Asperger and Kanner differ?
Asperger did not refer to echolalia as a linguistic issue
Bettelheim: theory
refrigerator mother
who identified that children with autism experience a pattern of difficulties?
Lorna Wing
Triad of impairments:
Social interaction
communication
imagination
Kanners’ criteria
Classic Autism
Asperger’s criteria:
Asperger’s syndrome
most common autism group (15.4/10,000)
mixture of Kanner and Asperger’s
who was the first person to use the term ‘Asperger’s syndrome?’
Wing
severe:
Kanner’s
what edition of the DSM was infantile autism included in?
3rd edition (1980s)
DSM-4 ASD disorders:
autism
asperger’s
PDD-NOS
how does Asperger’s differ to autism?
cognitive development and language intact in Asperger’s
how does the DSM-4 and DSM-5 differ?
domain 1: social communication + interaction lumped together
domain 2: restricted + repetitive behaviours/interests/activities
areas of variations in ASD:
speech
intelligence
sensory needs
social skills
special skills
can changes in diagnosis explain rise in autism prevalence?
no, only accounts for 25%
when do parents notice autistic signs?
first 2 years
hallmark of autistic babies:
lack of eye contact
what does eye-tracking equipment measure?
socio visual engagement
how do ASD and typical ASD 6-months react in eye tracking experiments?
typical focus on the eyes
symptom classification and level at 3 years olf could be accurately estimated by…
decline in eye fixation in first 6 months of life
Baron-Cohen sample size:
20 autistic children
14 down’s syndrome children
27 clinically normal
correct scores in Sally Anne Test
20%: autistic
85%: CN
86%: DS
who was the first to notice larger heads in autistic children?
Kanner
Neuroimaging revealed that whilst autistic children have larger heads….
there is no difference at birth
autistic motor deficits:
atypical coordination
posture
voluntary movement speed
dyspraxia in autism:
impaired performance of skilled gestures
