Lecture 1 Flashcards
Give bacteria carried in food animals’ guts which can cause food-borne disease in man.
E. coli O157
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Listeria
Yersinia
How are bacteria shed?
How does risk of carcass contamination relate to this?
Shed in faeces.
Adhere to fleece/hide/skin/feathers of animal and may be transferred to the carcass during dressing.
What is the main contributor to the final microbial load of the carcass?
Give the 2 approaches to control bacteria on carcasses.
Contamination from the hides.
-Clean up the final carcass (USA) (Spray with lactic acid)
-Control the level of contamination entering the abattoir – reduce the levels on the inside and the outside of the animals. – Best achieved within the pre-harvest phase.
Graphs show a major increase in food poisoning notifications between 1982 and 1997. Explain this.
Also show decrease after 1997. Explain this.
A change in level of reporting due to requirement to notify being stricter.
And an increase in population, so more people eating meat, so a higher level of meat production.
Vaccination of chickens (Around 1994).
What was the most highly notified bacteria to cause food poisoning from 1990 to 2008?
What was the second most notified bacteria to cause food poisoning “ “.
What were the 3 most highly recognised sources to cause food-borne disease outbreaks from 1992 to 2009?
Campylobacter.
Enteriditis.
- Poultry meat
- Composite/mixed foods
- Red meat
What is a host-restricted serovar? Give examples.
Host adapted serovars?
Host unrestricted serovars?
A serovar that causes disease in only one host species. E.g. S. Typhi in man, S. Gallinarum in fowl, S. Abortusovis in sheep and S. Typhisuis in pigs.
Cause disease primarily in one host species, while other host spp could be infected accidentally e.g. S. Dublin in cattle and S. Choleraesuis in pigs.
Cayse disease in a wide range of animal spp and man e.g. S. Typhimurium and S. Enteriditis.
What animal had the highest incidence of salmonella from 1998 to 2008?
What animal had the second highest confirmed incidence of salmonella from 1998 to 2008.
Which salmonella had the highest incidence in chickens from 1984 to 2008?
Cattle.
Chickens.
S. Enteriditis
Clinical signs of salmonellosis in pigs and poultry.
Pigs and poultry often asymptomatic carriers.
Can present as enteritis, septicaemia or both.
Enteric: Causes inflammation of ileum and is the less severe form with recovery after one week.
Septicaemic: More virulent serotypes. Animals are restless, show inappetence, fever, watery diarrhoea, bury in the straw, have red/blue colouration on ears, limbs and back.
How can imported veg protein infected with salmonella be an issue?
Imported veg protein often used in products eaten by animals. Such as by farm livestock who can cause infection of humans, pets and cause contamination of streams and pastures by the slurry. Also can be eaten by pets who can infect livestock and humans.
How can imported animals infected with salmonella cause an issue?
How can livestock reservoirs cause an issue with salmonella on the farm.
Imported animals can infect livestock that already live on the farm.
Can pick up salmonella from slurry while manure matures and and then infect animals on the farm with it. can travel between farms so can cause infection over a wide area.
Directive of salmonella nation control plan (NCP).
What did the directive aim to achieve?
Overall aim?
Directive 2003/99/EC & Reg(EC) No 2160/2003.
- Harmonisation of monitoring across EU.
- Reduction of Salmonella in livestock on farms.
- Reduction targets across EU.
Reduce salmonella infections in humans.
In GB, what chicken types have NCPs?
Breeding flocks, laying flocks, broiler flocks.
NCP for for breeding and broiler flocks.
- Control of Salmonella in Poultry Order 2007.
- Regulates serovars: Enteriditis, Typhimurium, monophasic Typhimurium, Infantis, Virchow and Hadar – must slaughter flock.
- Other types require a vet led intervention scheme.
- Breeding flocks (0.0% +ve for regulated serovars).
- Broiler flocks (0.03 +ve for regulated serovars).
NCP for laying hen flocks?
- Regulated serovars: Enteriditis, Typhimurium and monophasic strains of Typhimurium.
- Target: max 2% of adult laying hen flocks testing +ve for regulated Salmonella serovars.
– Currently 0.40% in UK.
– From 1st Jan 2009: eggs from Salmonella +ve flocks cannot go for class A (table) eggs.
Control of Salmonella in pigs.
EU-wide reduction targets about to be set. UK will then implement NCP.
Zoonoses Control Plan for Pigs (ZNCP) already in place.
