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ENGR 202 MIDTERM > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Brundtland’s definition of sustainable design/development?

A

Sustainable development is the seeking to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generation.

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2
Q

Name the three pillars of sustainability?

A

1.Social
2.Environmental
3.Economic

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3
Q

Name the two main types of human activity that impact the environment?

A
  1. Land and water use for housing,agriculture,transportation,recreation and industry
  2. Emission and discharge of chemical substances to air,water and land
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4
Q

Name all types of changes to the environment and their subcategories.

A

Physical Change:
Biological hanges:

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5
Q

Name the three types of changes on the environment?

A

Physical,Chemical and Biological change

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6
Q

List physical change on the environment

A

1-Deforestation and alterations to the landscape
2-Changes to built environments

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7
Q

List chemical changes on the environment

A

1-Changes to the chemical constituents of soil and sediments
2-increases in the concentration of emitted substances in the air,water and soil

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8
Q

List biological changes to the environment

A

1-Changes in the viability of plants,animals and microorganism due to altered habitant and changes to chemical constituent or concentration possibly leading to species succesion,extinction,migration or disease
2-Injury or illness to people,plants and animals from exposure to and/or chemicals and their derivatives

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9
Q

Why did we created World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development?

A

To raise awareness of the role of engineering in mitigating the impacts of climate chnages and advance sustainable development

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10
Q

When is World Engineering Day?

A

4th March

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11
Q

Who proclaimed World Engineering day?

A

4oth UNESCO’s General Conference

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12
Q

Name the roles of engineering

A

1- Engineers are primary involved in problems relating to the development and deployment of technology
2-Engineers are often resposible for a wide range of activities that directly or indirectly contribute to environmental change

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13
Q

What are the broad categories of anthropogenic environmental change?

A

1-changes associated with land use (including natural depletion of ressources)
2- Emission or residues from products and industry processes

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14
Q

Name the guiding principles for engineers to achieve sustainability?

A

1-Maximize the value of their activity towards building a sustainable world
2-Apply professional and responsible judgment and take leadership roles
3-Seek multiple views to solve sustainability challenges
4-Manage risk to minimize adverse impact to people or the environment

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15
Q

How should a engineer maximize valuethe value of their activity towards building a more sustainable world?

A

1-Recognize that thought their activity might be local and immediate, the potential impacts can be global and long lasting
2-Understand other relevant social and cultural structures outside their normal communities of practice
3-Recognize the impacts of an engineering project on the communities global or local, and incorporate their views and concerns

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16
Q

How does an engineer apply professional and responsible judgment, and adhere to a leadership role?

A

1-Be prepared to influence the decision-making
2-Look at the broad picture
3-Ensure that their knowledge on sustainability is up-to-date.
4-Identify options that take account economic,social and environmental outcomes
5-Ensure that offered solutions and options will contribute to sustainability
6-Be aware that they’re inherently conflicting and unmeasurable aspects of sustanability

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17
Q

How should an engineer seek multiple views while solving sustability challenges?

A

1-Engage with stakeholders
2-Seek balanced approached
3-Utilzie cross-disciplinary knowledgeand diverse skills
4-Avoid working in isolation, involve other professionals at all stages of the project
5-Promote importatnt leadership role of the engineer in finding solutions to sustainabilty challenges for the benefit of society

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18
Q

How does an engineer mange risk to minimize adverse impact on people and environment?

A

1-Minimize damage to people and environment
2-Undertake a comprehensive risk assesement before a project befins
3-Ensure that the risk assessment includes the potential environmentak,economic and social impacts beyond the lifetime of the engineering project
4-Adopt a precautionary approch where scientific knowledge is not conclusive
5-Instigate monitoring systems so that any evironemental and social impact s can be identifies at an early stage.

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19
Q

Many environmental concerns are related to what?

A

1-Atmospheric emissions
2-Water pollution
3-Solid waste
4-Natural ressources depletion

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20
Q

Name the sources of environmental impacts

A

1-Energy Use
2-Material selection
3-Manufacturing process

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21
Q

What’s the manufacturing process?

A

Methods engineer use to transform raw material into finished materials and product.

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22
Q

Do nuclear and renewable energy have advderse environmental consequences?

A

Yes, all types of erergy sources ahve adverse environmental consequences

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23
Q

What’s LCA

A

Life Cycle Assesment

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24
Q

What’s Life Cycle Assesment?

A

Life Cycle Assesment provides the big pricture in how engineering decisions in any praticular areas impact the environment

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25
Whats does the law of mass conservation state?
That mass can be neither created nor destroyed
26
What's the fundamental tenet of engineering analysis concerning energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely transformed to one form to another
27
What's the rate of creation of energy?
0
28
What does the Clean Air Act state?
The Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six common pollutants known as criteria air pollutants
29
What's EPA & NAAQS
US Environmental Protection Agency and Nation Ambient Air Quality Standards
30
Name the criteria air pollutants
1- Particulate matter 2-Carbon monoxide 3-Nitrogen dioxyde 4-Sulfur dioxyde 5-Lead 6-Ground-level ozone
31
Name the source of air pollutants
1-Highway vehicules 2-Stationary fuel combustion source 3-Industrial and other processes 4-Non-road mobile sources
32
Name an example of stationary fuel combustion sorces
Electric utilities Industry boilers
33
What are particulate matter?
PM consists of minute solid or liquid particles that are blown into the air
34
What are the two measurement type for PM
PM 2.5 and PM 10
35
What's does the number after PM stand for ?
The stand for PM of that number of microns OR LESS
36
What does toxic mean under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act
No level that is considered safe for x pollution
37
Does the size of PM matter in th scope and severity of their impacts?
Yes
38
Major sources of PM
Vehicule exhaust Smoke from open burning or residential wood heat Industrial emissions
39
Effects of PM
Asthma Brochtis Emphysema
40
NO2 is a important precusor to what and how?
Important precursor to acid rain and ground-level ozone due to photochemical reactions
41
Describe NO2
Brownish gas that causes acute respitory problems at 1ppm for 15 minutes
42
When is NO2 produced?
Fuel combustion
43
What is the main component of smog?
Ground-level ozone
44
How is ground-level ozone produced?
Produced in the atmosphere by VOCs , NOx in the presence of sunlight and warm temperature
45
Effects of ground-level ozone?
Damage lung tissue Premature aging of lung Chronic lung disease
46
T or F ( Corrected if false) : NOxs are carcinogenics
VOcs are carcinogenic
47
Major sources of VOCs
Solvents Instrial processes Residential wood heat
48
Describe CO?
Colorless,Odorless,tasteless gas
49
CO produced by?
Incomplete combustion of fuels mainly cars
50
Adverse effects of CO for humans?
Slow reflexe Cause fatigue Confusion Nausea Dizziness Death by suffocation Interfere bloods ability to carry oxygen to organs
51
Primary emitting sources of CO in Canada
Transpotation Sources Wood Industry Aluminum Industry Residential wood heating
52
Describe SO2
colorless gas with strong odor
53
SO2 generated by?
Fossils fuels from smelters Power plants Refineries Internal combustion engines
54
Effects of SO2 to humans
Irritant to eyes and respiratory tracts
55
Major sources of lead?
Metals processing Waste incinerator Utilities Lead-acid battery manufacturers
56
Lead effects?
Nervous system Reproductive and Develeopmental System Cardiovascular System Kidney Fucntion
57
Lead effects on infants and children?
Behavioral and learning issues Lowered IQ
58
Lead effects on environment/nature?
Decrease growth and reproduction in plants,animal Neurological effects on vertebrates
59
Name me air toxics that are gases,compounds and elements
Gases: Hydrogen and chloride Compounds:Asbestos Element:Mercury and Chromium
60
Risks of toxic air pollutants?
Cancer (Lung,Kidney,Bone,Stomach) Harm to nervous sys & brain Birth defects Irritation to eyes,nose and throat
61
What is acid deposition?
Acid deposition or acid rain occurs when emissions undergo complex chemical reaction in the atmosphere and fall to earth as wet deposition (rain,snow, cloud,fog) or dry deposition (dry particules,gas)
62
When does the pH of rain and snow considered problematic?
Below ph 5
63
One of the major source of acid deposition that is concerted to sulfur acid?
Sulfur dioxide
64
What are the effects of acidic particles on metal?
It corrodes metal
65
What are the effects of acidic particles on paint and stone?
It deteriorates more quickly
66
Consequences of acid damages?
-Damage materials that need to be repaired/replaces -Increase maintenance costs -Loss of detail on stone and metal statues,tombstones and monuments
67
What type of algae grows with ocean acidification?
Diatoms and fleshy algaes
68
What happends to crustaceans with ocean acidification?
This group is relatively resistant to changes in ocean pH
69
What happens to finfish due to ocean acidification?
Loss of habitat and food supply. Possibly some effects on behaviour,fitness and larvae survival.
70
What causes the gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere?
Release of chemical compounds containing gasesous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities.
71
Where is the most thinning of the ozone layer most pronounced?
In the polar regions, especially Antartica
72
What's a major source of chlorine in the stratosphere?
CFCs
73
Link between CFCs and thinning of ozone layer? How does it happen?
The CFCs are broken by UV radiation relasing chlorine into the stratosphere. Then, the chlorine reacts with O3 destroying the ozone layer.
74
What protocol was signed regarding CFCs and other halocarbons?
Montreal Protocol on Sustances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
75
When was iMontreal Protovol signed?
1987
76
What was the objective of the Montreal Protocol?
Phasesout of CFCs and sought to achieve 50% reduction in global consumption fro 1986 levels by 1998
77
Result of Montreal protocol?
By 2005, consumption of ozone depleting chemicals fell by 90-95 % within participating countries
78
Whats GWP
global warming potential
79
Whats global warming potential
Ratio of the radiative fircing that would result from emissions of one kg of x greenhouse gas from emission of 1kg of C02 over period of time usually 100 years.
80
Water pollution is due to (2 reasons)?
Release of susbtances into groundwater or into lakes,rivers,oceans and others Release of energy in the form of hear or radioactivity into bodies of water
81
List major water contaminants?
Pathogens, Organic waste, Nutrients and Toxic Organic Chemicals
82
What is the primary source of pathogens?
Domestic sewage
83
Health impacts from water pathogens?
Mild impacts to life-threatening illness, such as typhoid, cholera.
84
Types of organic waste?
Proteins,Fats,Carbohydrates and nucleic acids
85
Whats happens to surface water contaminated with organic waste?
Oxygen depletion
86
What are the nutriments naturally founf in aquatic ecosystems?
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
87
What are the roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems?
Support the growth of algae and aquatic plants
88
Examples of harmsdue to excess nutriments in water
1- Infants vulnearble to nitreogen compound called nitrates in drinking water 2-Excess nitrogen in atmosphere can produce pollutants such as ammonia and ozone which can impair our ability to breath, limit visibility and alter plant growth 3-When excess nitrogen comes back to eath from atmosphere, it can harm the forest, soil and waterways
89
Primary sources of excess nitrogen and phosphorus
-Agriculture -Stormwater -Wastewater -Fossils fuels
90
T or F: Some organic chemicals are known or sus[ected carcinogens or mutagens
True
91
What's DDT
Pesticide which is a toxic organic compound
92
Are VOCs toxic organic chemicals?
yes
93
Types of solid watse
Hazardous solid waste and non hazardous waste
94
Whats the RCRA acronym for?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
95
When was RCRA passed?
1976
96
What does the RCRA entail?
Establish to set up a framework for the proper management of hazardous waste
97
Hazardous waste are classfied on the basis of what propeties?
Physical,Chemical and Biological properties
98
Hazardous waste have the properties to be?
Ignitable,Corrosive,Reactive and Toxic
99
List an example of ignitable waste
liquids with flashpoint below 140F non-liquid with the potential to ignite via specific conditions and compressed gases
100
List example of corrosive waste
Waste with pH equal or less than 2
101
Acronym TCLP
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
102
Whats a toxicity characteristic leacging procedure
chemical analysis process used to determine whether there are hazardous elements in a waste
103
TCLP involves what? How to do it?
Simulation of leaching throught a landfill that provide a rating that can prove if the waste is dangerous to the environment or not
104
Acronym MSW
Municipal solid waste
105
MSW also known as
Garbage, Trash or Rubbish
106
How is radioactive waste defined in Canada?
Radiactive waste is any material ( gas,liquid or solid) that contains a radioactive nuclear substance
107
T or F: Radioactive waste can have non radioacitve hazardous substances
True
108
Radioactive waste is a result of what?
Nuclear medecine, nuclear power generation, rare earth mining, nuclear research and nuclear weapon reprocessing
109
Radioactive waste is classified into what categories?
LLW (Low-level waste) ILW(intermediate-level waste) HLW(high-level waste)
110
What is radioactive high-level waste ? What precautions needed?
High-level waste is highly radioactive and hot due to decay heat, so need colling and shielding
111
Forms of high-level radioactive waste?
Spent nuclear fuel Reprocessing extracts isotopes
112
What is spent nuclear fuel in HLW?
Spent nuclear fuel is used fuel from a reactor that can no longer produce electrcity but is still hot, highluy radioactive and harmful
113
What is reprocessing extracts isotopes in HLW?
Its spent fuel that can be used again as reactor fuel. Characterized by immense radioactivity and very long half-line
114
Acronym TRU
Transuranic waste
115
What is transuranic waste?
it's waste that contains manmade elements heavier than uranium
116
When do we produce TRU?
Nuclear fuel assembly Nuclear weapon research and production Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel
117
How is TRU further categorized?
RH Remote handled CH Contact handled
118
Levels of LLW radioactive waste are?
Class A, B,C and Greater Than Class C
119
What is MILLING?
The initial step of refining uranium ore from the ground
120
What are mill tailing?
Residues from Milling
121
What do mill tailing contains?
Radioactive decay products from the uranium
122
What are stored in specially designed ponds called impoundments?
Mill tailings and raffinates
123
What is resource depletion?
Consumption of resource faster than it can be replenished
124
Natural resources are commonly divided into whar categories?
Renewable resources and non-renewable resources
125
What are the main drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation?
Agriculture and Forestry
126
What are the roles/services/functions of biodiversity?
Important part of ecological services like 1-Cleaning water 2-Absorbing chemicals 3-Providing oxygen Allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like fires/floods Genetic diversity prevents diseases and helps species adjust to changes in environment
127
What is the primary threat to wildlife?
Habitat loss due to degradation,destruction and fragmentataion
128
Examples of habitat fragmentation?
terrestrial wildlife habitat are cut up into fragments by roads and development. Aquatic species’ habitats have been fragmented by dams and water diversions.
129
Examples of habitat degradations?
Pollution Invasive species Disruption of ecosystem processes
130
What are trace metals?
Quantities of metal found in the environment in low concentrations
131
T or F Essential metals are safe in any levels
False
132
Name the toxic effects of lead?
Learning and behavioural disorders Motor coordination problems Attacks kidneys Reproductive system Hematopoietic system
133
Nickel and chromium health effects?
Respiratory cancer Skin disease
134
Cadmium health effects?
Impairs kidney function
135
Mercury health effects?
Nervous system and brain

ENGR 202 MIDTERM (1 decks)

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