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ENGR 202 MIDTERM > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Brundtland’s definition of sustainable design/development?

A

Sustainable development is the seeking to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generation.

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2
Q

Name the three pillars of sustainability?

A

1.Social
2.Environmental
3.Economic

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3
Q

Name the two main types of human activity that impact the environment?

A
  1. Land and water use for housing,agriculture,transportation,recreation and industry
  2. Emission and discharge of chemical substances to air,water and land
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4
Q

Name all types of changes to the environment and their subcategories.

A

Physical Change:
Biological hanges:

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5
Q

Name the three types of changes on the environment?

A

Physical,Chemical and Biological change

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6
Q

List physical change on the environment

A

1-Deforestation and alterations to the landscape
2-Changes to built environments

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7
Q

List chemical changes on the environment

A

1-Changes to the chemical constituents of soil and sediments
2-increases in the concentration of emitted substances in the air,water and soil

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8
Q

List biological changes to the environment

A

1-Changes in the viability of plants,animals and microorganism due to altered habitant and changes to chemical constituent or concentration possibly leading to species succesion,extinction,migration or disease
2-Injury or illness to people,plants and animals from exposure to and/or chemicals and their derivatives

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9
Q

Why did we created World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development?

A

To raise awareness of the role of engineering in mitigating the impacts of climate chnages and advance sustainable development

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10
Q

When is World Engineering Day?

A

4th March

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11
Q

Who proclaimed World Engineering day?

A

4oth UNESCO’s General Conference

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12
Q

Name the roles of engineering

A

1- Engineers are primary involved in problems relating to the development and deployment of technology
2-Engineers are often resposible for a wide range of activities that directly or indirectly contribute to environmental change

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13
Q

What are the broad categories of anthropogenic environmental change?

A

1-changes associated with land use (including natural depletion of ressources)
2- Emission or residues from products and industry processes

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14
Q

Name the guiding principles for engineers to achieve sustainability?

A

1-Maximize the value of their activity towards building a sustainable world
2-Apply professional and responsible judgment and take leadership roles
3-Seek multiple views to solve sustainability challenges
4-Manage risk to minimize adverse impact to people or the environment

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15
Q

How should a engineer maximize valuethe value of their activity towards building a more sustainable world?

A

1-Recognize that thought their activity might be local and immediate, the potential impacts can be global and long lasting
2-Understand other relevant social and cultural structures outside their normal communities of practice
3-Recognize the impacts of an engineering project on the communities global or local, and incorporate their views and concerns

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16
Q

How does an engineer apply professional and responsible judgment, and adhere to a leadership role?

A

1-Be prepared to influence the decision-making
2-Look at the broad picture
3-Ensure that their knowledge on sustainability is up-to-date.
4-Identify options that take account economic,social and environmental outcomes
5-Ensure that offered solutions and options will contribute to sustainability
6-Be aware that they’re inherently conflicting and unmeasurable aspects of sustanability

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17
Q

How should an engineer seek multiple views while solving sustability challenges?

A

1-Engage with stakeholders
2-Seek balanced approached
3-Utilzie cross-disciplinary knowledgeand diverse skills
4-Avoid working in isolation, involve other professionals at all stages of the project
5-Promote importatnt leadership role of the engineer in finding solutions to sustainabilty challenges for the benefit of society

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18
Q

How does an engineer mange risk to minimize adverse impact on people and environment?

A

1-Minimize damage to people and environment
2-Undertake a comprehensive risk assesement before a project befins
3-Ensure that the risk assessment includes the potential environmentak,economic and social impacts beyond the lifetime of the engineering project
4-Adopt a precautionary approch where scientific knowledge is not conclusive
5-Instigate monitoring systems so that any evironemental and social impact s can be identifies at an early stage.

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19
Q

Many environmental concerns are related to what?

A

1-Atmospheric emissions
2-Water pollution
3-Solid waste
4-Natural ressources depletion

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20
Q

Name the sources of environmental impacts

A

1-Energy Use
2-Material selection
3-Manufacturing process

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21
Q

What’s the manufacturing process?

A

Methods engineer use to transform raw material into finished materials and product.

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22
Q

Do nuclear and renewable energy have advderse environmental consequences?

A

Yes, all types of erergy sources ahve adverse environmental consequences

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23
Q

What’s LCA

A

Life Cycle Assesment

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24
Q

What’s Life Cycle Assesment?

A

Life Cycle Assesment provides the big pricture in how engineering decisions in any praticular areas impact the environment

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25
Q

Whats does the law of mass conservation state?

A

That mass can be neither created nor destroyed

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26
Q

What’s the fundamental tenet of engineering analysis concerning energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely transformed to one form to another

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27
Q

What’s the rate of creation of energy?

A

0

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28
Q

What does the Clean Air Act state?

A

The Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six common pollutants known as criteria air pollutants

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29
Q

What’s EPA & NAAQS

A

US Environmental Protection Agency and Nation Ambient Air Quality Standards

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30
Q

Name the criteria air pollutants

A

1- Particulate matter
2-Carbon monoxide
3-Nitrogen dioxyde
4-Sulfur dioxyde
5-Lead
6-Ground-level ozone

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31
Q

Name the source of air pollutants

A

1-Highway vehicules
2-Stationary fuel combustion source
3-Industrial and other processes
4-Non-road mobile sources

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32
Q

Name an example of stationary fuel combustion sorces

A

Electric utilities
Industry boilers

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33
Q

What are particulate matter?

A

PM consists of minute solid or liquid particles that are blown into the air

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34
Q

What are the two measurement type for PM

A

PM 2.5 and PM 10

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35
Q

What’s does the number after PM stand for ?

A

The stand for PM of that number of microns OR LESS

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36
Q

What does toxic mean under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act

A

No level that is considered safe for x pollution

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37
Q

Does the size of PM matter in th scope and severity of their impacts?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Major sources of PM

A

Vehicule exhaust
Smoke from open burning or residential wood heat
Industrial emissions

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39
Q

Effects of PM

A

Asthma
Brochtis
Emphysema

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40
Q

NO2 is a important precusor to what and how?

A

Important precursor to acid rain and ground-level ozone due to photochemical reactions

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41
Q

Describe NO2

A

Brownish gas that causes acute respitory problems at 1ppm for 15 minutes

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42
Q

When is NO2 produced?

A

Fuel combustion

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43
Q

What is the main component of smog?

A

Ground-level ozone

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44
Q

How is ground-level ozone produced?

A

Produced in the atmosphere by VOCs , NOx in the presence of sunlight and warm temperature

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45
Q

Effects of ground-level ozone?

A

Damage lung tissue
Premature aging of lung
Chronic lung disease

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46
Q

T or F ( Corrected if false) : NOxs are carcinogenics

A

VOcs are carcinogenic

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47
Q

Major sources of VOCs

A

Solvents
Instrial processes
Residential wood heat

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48
Q

Describe CO?

A

Colorless,Odorless,tasteless gas

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49
Q

CO produced by?

A

Incomplete combustion of fuels mainly cars

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50
Q

Adverse effects of CO for humans?

A

Slow reflexe
Cause fatigue
Confusion
Nausea
Dizziness
Death by suffocation
Interfere bloods ability to carry oxygen to organs

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51
Q

Primary emitting sources of CO in Canada

A

Transpotation Sources
Wood Industry
Aluminum Industry
Residential wood heating

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52
Q

Describe SO2

A

colorless gas with strong odor

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53
Q

SO2 generated by?

A

Fossils fuels from smelters
Power plants
Refineries
Internal combustion engines

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54
Q

Effects of SO2 to humans

A

Irritant to eyes and respiratory tracts

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55
Q

Major sources of lead?

A

Metals processing
Waste incinerator
Utilities
Lead-acid battery manufacturers

56
Q

Lead effects?

A

Nervous system
Reproductive and Develeopmental System
Cardiovascular System
Kidney Fucntion

57
Q

Lead effects on infants and children?

A

Behavioral and learning issues
Lowered IQ

58
Q

Lead effects on environment/nature?

A

Decrease growth and reproduction in plants,animal
Neurological effects on vertebrates

59
Q

Name me air toxics that are gases,compounds and elements

A

Gases: Hydrogen and chloride
Compounds:Asbestos
Element:Mercury and Chromium

60
Q

Risks of toxic air pollutants?

A

Cancer (Lung,Kidney,Bone,Stomach)
Harm to nervous sys & brain
Birth defects
Irritation to eyes,nose and throat

61
Q

What is acid deposition?

A

Acid deposition or acid rain occurs when emissions undergo complex chemical reaction in the atmosphere and fall to earth as wet deposition (rain,snow, cloud,fog) or dry deposition (dry particules,gas)

62
Q

When does the pH of rain and snow considered problematic?

A

Below ph 5

63
Q

One of the major source of acid deposition that is concerted to sulfur acid?

A

Sulfur dioxide

64
Q

What are the effects of acidic particles on metal?

A

It corrodes metal

65
Q

What are the effects of acidic particles on paint and stone?

A

It deteriorates more quickly

66
Q

Consequences of acid damages?

A

-Damage materials that need to be repaired/replaces
-Increase maintenance costs
-Loss of detail on stone and metal statues,tombstones and monuments

67
Q

What type of algae grows with ocean acidification?

A

Diatoms and fleshy algaes

68
Q

What happends to crustaceans with ocean acidification?

A

This group is relatively resistant to changes in ocean pH

69
Q

What happens to finfish due to ocean acidification?

A

Loss of habitat and food supply. Possibly some effects on behaviour,fitness and larvae survival.

70
Q

What causes the gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere?

A

Release of chemical compounds containing gasesous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities.

71
Q

Where is the most thinning of the ozone layer most pronounced?

A

In the polar regions, especially Antartica

72
Q

What’s a major source of chlorine in the stratosphere?

A

CFCs

73
Q

Link between CFCs and thinning of ozone layer? How does it happen?

A

The CFCs are broken by UV radiation relasing chlorine into the stratosphere. Then, the chlorine reacts with O3 destroying the ozone layer.

74
Q

What protocol was signed regarding CFCs and other halocarbons?

A

Montreal Protocol on Sustances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

75
Q

When was iMontreal Protovol signed?

A

1987

76
Q

What was the objective of the Montreal Protocol?

A

Phasesout of CFCs and sought to achieve 50% reduction in global consumption fro 1986 levels by 1998

77
Q

Result of Montreal protocol?

A

By 2005, consumption of ozone depleting chemicals fell by 90-95 % within participating countries

78
Q

Whats GWP

A

global warming potential

79
Q

Whats global warming potential

A

Ratio of the radiative fircing that would result from emissions of one kg of x greenhouse gas from emission of 1kg of C02 over period of time usually 100 years.

80
Q

Water pollution is due to (2 reasons)?

A

Release of susbtances into groundwater or into lakes,rivers,oceans and others

Release of energy in the form of hear or radioactivity into bodies of water

81
Q

List major water contaminants?

A

Pathogens, Organic waste, Nutrients and Toxic Organic Chemicals

82
Q

What is the primary source of pathogens?

A

Domestic sewage

83
Q

Health impacts from water pathogens?

A

Mild impacts to life-threatening illness, such as typhoid, cholera.

84
Q

Types of organic waste?

A

Proteins,Fats,Carbohydrates and nucleic acids

85
Q

Whats happens to surface water contaminated with organic waste?

A

Oxygen depletion

86
Q

What are the nutriments naturally founf in aquatic ecosystems?

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

87
Q

What are the roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems?

A

Support the growth of algae and aquatic plants

88
Q

Examples of harmsdue to excess nutriments in water

A

1- Infants vulnearble to nitreogen compound called nitrates in drinking water
2-Excess nitrogen in atmosphere can produce pollutants such as ammonia and ozone which can impair our ability to breath, limit visibility and alter plant growth
3-When excess nitrogen comes back to eath from atmosphere, it can harm the forest, soil and waterways

89
Q

Primary sources of excess nitrogen and phosphorus

A

-Agriculture
-Stormwater
-Wastewater
-Fossils fuels

90
Q

T or F: Some organic chemicals are known or sus[ected carcinogens or mutagens

A

True

91
Q

What’s DDT

A

Pesticide which is a toxic organic compound

92
Q

Are VOCs toxic organic chemicals?

A

yes

93
Q

Types of solid watse

A

Hazardous solid waste and non hazardous waste

94
Q

Whats the RCRA acronym for?

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

95
Q

When was RCRA passed?

A

1976

96
Q

What does the RCRA entail?

A

Establish to set up a framework for the proper management of hazardous waste

97
Q

Hazardous waste are classfied on the basis of what propeties?

A

Physical,Chemical and Biological properties

98
Q

Hazardous waste have the properties to be?

A

Ignitable,Corrosive,Reactive and Toxic

99
Q

List an example of ignitable waste

A

liquids with flashpoint below 140F
non-liquid with the potential to ignite via specific conditions and compressed gases

100
Q

List example of corrosive waste

A

Waste with pH equal or less than 2

101
Q

Acronym TCLP

A

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

102
Q

Whats a toxicity characteristic leacging procedure

A

chemical analysis process used to determine whether there are hazardous elements in a waste

103
Q

TCLP involves what? How to do it?

A

Simulation of leaching throught a landfill that provide a rating that can prove if the waste is dangerous to the environment or not

104
Q

Acronym MSW

A

Municipal solid waste

105
Q

MSW also known as

A

Garbage, Trash or Rubbish

106
Q

How is radioactive waste defined in Canada?

A

Radiactive waste is any material ( gas,liquid or solid) that contains a radioactive nuclear substance

107
Q

T or F: Radioactive waste can have non radioacitve hazardous substances

A

True

108
Q

Radioactive waste is a result of what?

A

Nuclear medecine,
nuclear power generation,
rare earth mining,
nuclear research and
nuclear weapon reprocessing

109
Q

Radioactive waste is classified into what categories?

A

LLW (Low-level waste)
ILW(intermediate-level waste)
HLW(high-level waste)

110
Q

What is radioactive high-level waste ? What precautions needed?

A

High-level waste is highly radioactive and hot due to decay heat, so need colling and shielding

111
Q

Forms of high-level radioactive waste?

A

Spent nuclear fuel
Reprocessing extracts isotopes

112
Q

What is spent nuclear fuel in HLW?

A

Spent nuclear fuel is used fuel from a reactor that can no longer produce electrcity but is still hot, highluy radioactive and harmful

113
Q

What is reprocessing extracts isotopes in HLW?

A

Its spent fuel that can be used again as reactor fuel. Characterized by immense radioactivity and very long half-line

114
Q

Acronym TRU

A

Transuranic waste

115
Q

What is transuranic waste?

A

it’s waste that contains manmade elements heavier than uranium

116
Q

When do we produce TRU?

A

Nuclear fuel assembly
Nuclear weapon research and production
Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel

117
Q

How is TRU further categorized?

A

RH Remote handled
CH Contact handled

118
Q

Levels of LLW radioactive waste are?

A

Class A, B,C and Greater Than Class C

119
Q

What is MILLING?

A

The initial step of refining uranium ore from the ground

120
Q

What are mill tailing?

A

Residues from Milling

121
Q

What do mill tailing contains?

A

Radioactive decay products from the uranium

122
Q

What are stored in specially designed ponds called impoundments?

A

Mill tailings and raffinates

123
Q

What is resource depletion?

A

Consumption of resource faster than it can be replenished

124
Q

Natural resources are commonly divided into whar categories?

A

Renewable resources and non-renewable resources

125
Q

What are the main drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation?

A

Agriculture and Forestry

126
Q

What are the roles/services/functions of biodiversity?

A

Important part of ecological services like
1-Cleaning water
2-Absorbing chemicals
3-Providing oxygen
Allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like fires/floods
Genetic diversity prevents diseases and helps species adjust to changes in environment

127
Q

What is the primary threat to wildlife?

A

Habitat loss due to degradation,destruction and fragmentataion

128
Q

Examples of habitat fragmentation?

A

terrestrial wildlife habitat are cut up into fragments
by roads and development.

Aquatic species’ habitats have been fragmented by
dams and water diversions.

129
Q

Examples of habitat degradations?

A

Pollution
Invasive species
Disruption of ecosystem processes

130
Q

What are trace metals?

A

Quantities of metal found in the environment in low concentrations

131
Q

T or F Essential metals are safe in any levels

A

False

132
Q

Name the toxic effects of lead?

A

Learning and behavioural disorders
Motor coordination problems
Attacks kidneys
Reproductive system
Hematopoietic system

133
Q

Nickel and chromium health effects?

A

Respiratory cancer
Skin disease

134
Q

Cadmium health effects?

A

Impairs kidney function

135
Q

Mercury health effects?

A

Nervous system and brain

ENGR 202 MIDTERM (1 decks)

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