Lecture 1

Question 1

What does Sexually dimorphic mean?

Answer 1

Males and females are physically different

Question 2

3 elements that male and female reproductive systems have in common?

Answer 2

1. General process 2. production of hormones. 3. maturation of reproductive capabilities

Question 3

What are the male gonads?

Answer 3

Testes

Question 4

What are the female gonads?

Answer 4

ovaries

Question 5

What are the sex cells produced by the testes and ovaries

Answer 5

Spermatozoa for males and oocytes for females (stem cells)

Question 6

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 6

a process where a genetically novel individual is formed as a result of mixing genes from two individuals

Question 7

What is a hormone?

Answer 7

internal molecular messenger

Question 8

What is the importance of hormones in reproductive physiology

Answer 8

They regulated all aspects of reproduction.

Question 9

What are the roles that hormones play in both males and females?

Answer 9

FSH and LH

Question 10

what are the structures/ organs that have endocrine function

Answer 10

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, gonads, pineal gland and placenta.

Question 11

what is a paracrine?

Answer 11

A hormone that acts on a neighboring cell.

Question 12

How are hormones structurally classified?

Answer 12

Water soluble ( protein/peptide hormones) and lipophilic ( steroid hormones and fatty acid hormones)

Question 13

All steroids are derived from?

Answer 13

Cholesterol

Question 14

what are the 3 classes of sex steroid hormones ?

Answer 14

Androgens, estrogens, and progesterone.

Question 15

What is a ligand

Answer 15

a molecule that binds to a receptor. Hormones are ligands.

Question 16

list the male and female hormones that belong to the class of peptide/protein hormones?

Question 17

How does the location of a receptor for a protein hormone vs a steroid hormone

Answer 17

protein receptors are on the cell membrane and steroid hormones are inside the cell

Question 18

Describe the mechanism of action of a peptide-protein hormone

Answer 18

use a second messenger to carry out its function.

Question 19

how is upregulation different from downregulation

Answer 19

too much chemical => down regulated, and too little => up regulation.

Question 20

What is the mechanism of a steroid hormone

Answer 20

Diffuse through the phospholipid membrane.

Question 21

what does affinity mean?

Answer 21

strength of receptor and ligand binding.

Question 22

how can a receptor have different affinities?

Answer 22

external factors.

Question 23

what is the role of sex steroid binding globulin ?

Answer 23

It transports lipophilic hormones through the blood.

Question 24

what are the factors that determine the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone ?

Answer 24

Blood concentration, receptor density, receptor sensitivity ( affinity) , and hormone interactions.

Question 25

what are the 3 modes of hormone secretion?

Answer 25

Pulsatile, circadian , episodic

Question 26

describe the analogs of FSH/LH levels and fertility

Answer 26

GnRH is an analog as both agonist and antagonist. GnRH continuously decreases LH and FSH and GnrH pulsatile release stimulates LH and FSH.

Question 27

what 3 sets of structures make up the sex organs of both males and females?

Answer 27

Gonads, internal genitalia
, external genitalia

Question 28

What is an exocrine gland?

Answer 28

Glands that secrete hormones or chemicals into ducts. Example sweat glands.

Question 29

an example of a paracrine

Answer 29

Prostaglandins

Question 30

describe the mechanism of action of a peptide-protein hormone

Answer 30

Us a secondary messenger to enter the cell or signal to the cell.

Question 31

What are the 3 modes of hormone secretion?

Answer 31

Hormonal , humoral , neural