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Musculoskeletal Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When does the embryonic period start and end?

A

Starts as soon as the egg becomes fertilized, it becomes an embryo and stays such for 9 weeks.

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2
Q

During week 3, the embryionic cells flatten into a _____

A

trilaminar disc

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3
Q

What are the layers in the trilaminar disc?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm

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4
Q

What does the Endoderm develop into?

A

Inner lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, glands (including liver and pancreas)

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5
Q

What does the Mesoderm develop into?

A

Muscle, bones, cartilage, circulatory system, dermis, CT

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6
Q

What does the Ectoderm develop into?

A

Brain and nervous system, epidermis (skin, hair, nails, etc.)

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7
Q

What happens during the 4th week of the Embryonic period?

A

The paraxial mesoderm thickens and divides into paired masses on either side of the notocord, called somites. This is the beginning of the segmentation of the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What does the dermatome further separate into?

A

the dermis/skin

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9
Q

What does the myotome further separate into?

A

the muscles of the back, thorax, and limbs

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10
Q

What does the sclerotome further separate into?

A

the vertebrae and ribs

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11
Q

During which week do limb buds develop, and from which layer(s)?

A

Week 5 the limb buds appear from the ventrolateral walls of the embryo. Limb buds consist of mesoderm (lateral somite) and ectoderm (apical ectodermal ridge)

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12
Q

Which type of cells develop into the muscle and cartilage of the limb buds?

A

Myotome

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13
Q

How do spinal nerves migrate?

A

They migrate with the myotome cells to innervate the muscles

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14
Q

What week do cartilage models of the bones and arm begin to form?

A

Week 6.

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15
Q

At what week does Enchondral ossification begin?

A

Week 7

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16
Q

Mesenchymal cells condense into precartilaginous aggregates and differentiate into _______ in the first stages of Endochondral Ossification.

A

Chondroblasts

17
Q

What do Chondroblasts secrete, and why, during endochondral ossification?

A
  • BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) to facilitate growth

- Ihh (Indian hedgehog homolog) to induce further secretion BMP (positive feedback)

18
Q

Chondroblasts produce a madrix that forms _________

A

Hyaline cartilage

19
Q

What do the chondrocytes secrete after they enlarge?

A

alkaline phosphatase

20
Q

Describe the steps in endochondral ossification from the point in which Hydroxyapatite deposits within the cartilaginous matrix.

A
  • Cartilage cells die by apoptosis and form spaces called lacunae
  • Capillaries vascularize the calcified cartilage
  • These capillaries carry both hemopoietic cells and osteoprogenitor cells into the cartilage model
  • the hemopoietic cells become the bone marrow
  • Osteoblasts arise from mesenchymally-derived osteoprogenitor cells, and deposit bone matrix, replacing the cartilage.
21
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A

The premature ossification of epiphyseal plates

22
Q

How does remodeling of the bone happen?

A

Differential deposition and resorption of bone by the osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively

23
Q

What are osteoblasts derived from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

24
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from? and how are they activated?

A

Fused mononuclear hemopoietic progenitor cells and activated by cytokine signaling from marrow stromal cells.

25
Q

What are the 3 bones of the shoulder?

A

Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus

26
Q

What are the 4 joints of the shoulder?

A

Glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic

27
Q

What is the hole at superior to the spine of the scapula called?

A

Scapular foramen

28
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle bone called?

A

Acromial and sternal

29
Q

On which end of the clavicle is the conoid tubercle?

A

Distal end

30
Q

What is the most frequently broken bone in the body?

A

The clavicle

31
Q

What is the difference between the anatomical and surgical necks of the humerus?

A

Anatomical neck is the narrow ring between the head and tubercles.
Surgical neck is an empirically designated region inferior to the tubercles, that is subject to fractures.

32
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

33
Q

What stabilizes the glenohumeral joint?

A

The rotator cuff muscles

34
Q

What structure does the transverse humeral ligament span?

A

Bicipital groove

35
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Connective tissue sacs filled with lubricating fluid

36
Q

What are the two bursa in the glenohumeral joint?

A

The subacromial and subdeltoid

37
Q

What are the four nerves of the superficial back?

A

Suprascapular, axillary, accessory, dorasal scapular

Musculoskeletal Anatomy (1 decks)

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