Lecture 1

Question 1

What are Xenobiotics?

Answer 1

A foreign molecule with biological activity
-Drugs are mostly Xenobiotics

Question 2

Definition of a drug by the FDA

Answer 2

A drug that is intended to treat a disease

Question 3

What is meant by Dosis sola facit venenum?

Answer 3

The dose alone determines the poison

Question 4

Most toxic substance

Answer 4

Botulinum toxin -> active ingredient in Botox

Question 5

The smallest and largest drug

Answer 5

Lithium atom
MW: 50

largest: genetically modified virus: Tamilogene laherparepvec
MW: 10 million

Question 6

What are the most drug targets?

Answer 6

Proteins, and enzymes bc they are involved in many processes
-could also be chelators interacting with Mg ?

Question 7

How can Angiotensin II be reduced, to treat HTN?

Answer 7

-blocking ACE and thereby the conversion of Angiotensin I to II
-blocking Angiotensin II receptor

Question 8

Do drugs use new physiology?

Answer 8

-it turns down or turns up existing physiology

Question 9

The function of Beta receptors:

Answer 9

Increase in HR
Increase the force of contractility (heart beats stronger)
increase the rate of conduction of electrical impulses around the heart (starts at the sa node -> across the atrial -> ..tenji fibers -> ventricular muscle)
increases conduction

drugs can also bind on beta receptors and block them -> beta receptor blockers

Question 10

What are the effects on the heart rate and heart contraction called?

Answer 10

Effects on heart trate: +/- Chronotropic effects
Effects on heart contraction: +/- Inotropic effects
Effects on heart conduction: +/- Donotropic effects

Question 11

What is a respiratory drug working on beta receptors?

Answer 11

Albuterol, stimulating beta receptors

Question 12

Agonist - Antagonist

Answer 12

Agonist: binds the receptor and stimulates causing it be hugely effective

Antagonist: binds receptor and blocks it

Question 13

What is the ED50?

Answer 13

The effective dose that causes 50% of the maximum possible effect

-the position of ED50 along the x-axis is a measure of the potency of the drug -> smaller ED50 would indicate a more potent drug

-used to get the right dose between Agonists

Question 14

What is efficacy?

Answer 14

tells how well a drug works
-> a drug that is less efficacious than its equivalent is a partial Agonist (less than 100% efficacy compared to the standard drug of a class f.e. tramadol is a partial agonist of morphine)

Question 15

What is potency?

Answer 15

indicates how strong the dose must be to be efficacious