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AP 2 🫀🫁 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Free water clearance

A

low number=we are conserving water
high number=we are getting rid of water

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2
Q

Renal clearance

A

volume of plasma/min

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3
Q

Aortic Arterial pressure

A

100mmHg. Beginning of system

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4
Q

Venae Cavae

A

0mmHg. End of system

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5
Q

CVP value

A

Normal.
elevated-sick, laying down

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6
Q

Pulse pressure

A

the difference in SBP and DBP. 120-80=40 normal
Flexible arteries=low PP
Stiff arteries=high PP

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7
Q

Aorta

A

stretchy to accommodate volume. keeps load low. secondary reservoir. keeps blood flowing in between Heart beats

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8
Q

Large arteries

A

Stiffer than aorta, higher PP

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9
Q

Compliance

A

describes how stretchy.
Formula: delta v/delta p

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10
Q

Elastance

A

How rigid something is. Inverse of compliance.
High compliance=low elastane
High elastance=low compliance

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11
Q

Systemic arteries are….

A

less compliant. Thick wall

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12
Q

systemic veins are…

A

more compliant. Major blood reservoir.

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13
Q

mPAP

A

16mmHg

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14
Q

Pressure leading into the left heart(LAP)

A

2mmHg

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15
Q

Delta P-Pulmonary

A

16-2

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16
Q

Normal PAP

A

25/8

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17
Q

Pulmonary Circulation has…

A

less resistance, vessel are relatively compliant

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18
Q

Left Atrium pressures

A

2-5

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19
Q

Left ventricle pressure

A

2-100

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20
Q

Right Atrial Pressure

A

0-4

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21
Q

Right Ventricular pressure

A

0-25

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22
Q

Arterioles

A

very thick wall

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23
Q

Veins

A

Thin walls, have smooth muscle, low vascular resistance
and internal pressure.

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24
Q

Capillaries

A
  1. have the highest cross sectional area
  2. don’t respond to pressors
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25
Q

Velocity in aorta compared to the venae cavae

A

lower velocity in the venae cavae

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26
Q

Velocity formula

A

V=Flow/Area

27
Q

Spewed out by the capillaries.

A

H+, CO2, adenosine-these tell the arteriole to relax

28
Q

Most important colloids in order…

A

Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen. All together add up to a pressure of 28.

29
Q

Low colloid pressure

A

concerned that fluid will go into places that are bad

30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

secreted by nervous system. Blood vessels have innervation. Capillaries do not.

31
Q

Lymphatic system

A

2L/day can increase 20 fold. One way valves. Returned to the subclavian vein.

32
Q

For each 13.6mm(1.36) of distance under the heart…

A

we will see an increase of 1mmHg in BP

33
Q

BP in foot..

A

in about 90mmHg higher

34
Q

Isogravametric reference point

35
Q

When standing BP at the isogravametric point is who much higher?

A

6mmHg. This is due to a column of fluid starting at the upper chest. Without gravity it would be 0.

36
Q

Sagital Sinus Pressure

A

-10mmHg. No one way valves. Rigid. Jugular veins would collapse.

37
Q

Blooding pooling in the lower extremities relies on..

A

movement through one way valves. Paralytics will cause you to lose this.

38
Q

Conductance

A

Diameter to the 4th power

39
Q

Pousilles Law

40
Q

Vascular compliance

A

change in volume/change in pressure

41
Q

Vascular distensibility

A

change in volume/change in pressure x original volume

42
Q

Systemic veins are how many times more distensible than systemic arteries?

43
Q

Cerebral circulation

A

less porous, tighter junctions. Electrolytes and glucose will stay put.

44
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

noisy, inefficient. Cause coagulation, scarring of blood vessel walls, weaken. Aorta-turbulent flow and wide diameter.

45
Q

Laminar Flow

A

fastest through the middle, slower near the walls

46
Q

Reynold’s number

A

over 2000, will have turbulent blood flow. Formula-Re=volume x density x diameter/viscosity

47
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Pulse pressure greatest here

48
Q

What is the main controller of BP?

A

Baroreceptors

49
Q

What type of baroreceptors are in the carotid sinus?

A

stretch sensors. The higher the pressure, the more they stretch and will fire more often.

50
Q

Hering’s nerve

A

innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus. Branch of CN IX

51
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Cranial Nerve IX. Feed into medulla(lower part of the brain stem)

52
Q

NTS(Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)

A

important blood pressure control site in the medulla of the brain stem

53
Q

Aortic baroreceptors

A

secondary set of baroreceptors. Work at higher pressures, 20-30mmHg. Back up system for higher blood pressures. S curve farther to the right. Send information back to the NTS through the vagus nerve(CN X)

54
Q

Blood gas sensors

A

Take over at very low blood pressures. under 40mmHg

55
Q

Carotid artery occlusion

A

will cause high blood pressures d/t low pressures downstream to the occlusion.

56
Q

How many phases does the cardiac cycle have?

57
Q

What is Phase 1?

A
  1. Filling.
  2. AV open(mitral).
  3. Pressure is atria is higher than ventricle(2-5mmHg).
  4. Starts with 50cc(ESV)
  5. Add 70cc, end with 120cc(EDV)
58
Q

What is Phase 2?

A
  1. Isovolumetric contraction.
  2. All 4 valves are closed at the beginning of phase 2.
59
Q

What is Phase 3?

A
  1. Ejection.
  2. Pressure in ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta.
  3. Aortic valve opens at the beginning of phase 3.
  4. Afterload
  5. Pressure peaks at 120mmHg
  6. Aortic valve closes at the end of phase 3
60
Q

What is phase 4?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

61
Q

Preload

A

really low pressure(2-5)

62
Q

ESV

63
Q

EDV

64
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that is in the aorta that the heart has to push against.

AP 2 🫀🫁 (10 decks)

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