Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomical pathology?

A

diagnosis of disease based on gross and microscopic examination of the body, organs and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is clinical pathology?

A

the diagnosis of disease based on examination of body tissues and fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What tubes do we use for a biochemical profile test?

A

green if doing in house, red/orange if sending out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does EDTA do to the blood?

A

it binds calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 4 things are included in quality assurance program?

A
  1. periodic monitoring of all lab equipment
  2. monitoring of reagent inventory and expiration dates
  3. controls for each test performed
  4. Log
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 5 things does quality control asses?

A
  1. technician
  2. analyzer (equipment)
  3. reagents
  4. test procedure
  5. accuracy of results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are quality control sera?

A

freeze dried and reconstituted for use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what can quality control sera be divided into?

A

aliquots… and frozen for future controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are trends in terms of quality control?

A

a gradual change in control values (increased or decreased) over a certain period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is precision?

A

the ability to obtain results time after time (reproducibility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is accuracy?

A

measurement agrees with known value of the quantity measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is reliability?

A

the ability to be both accurate and precise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients with the disease (tests with low sensitivity = increased number of false positives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is false positive?

A

the patient does not have the disease but the test is positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a false negative?

A

the patient has the disease but the test is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are references intervals?

A

calculated from a set of lab results from a group of clinically healthy animals that conform to a group of stated selection criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False, every lab has their own reference intervals?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 6 selection criteria for reference intervals?

A
  1. clinical parameters used to select animals for reference values
  2. population parameters
  3. environmental and physiological conditions
  4. specimen collecting and handling
  5. analytic method
  6. statistical method used to determine reference values
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

young animals have low __ and __ until about 6 months old?

A

iron and hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 4 population parameters?

A
  1. species
  2. breed
  3. age
  4. sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what gender has a higher hematocrit?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which dogs have a higher hematocrit?

A

athletic dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a normal PCV for dogs?

A

37-55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a normal PCV in cats?

A

30-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 5 environmental and physiological conditions in regard to reference intervals?

A
  1. diet
  2. fasting
  3. excitement
  4. body condition
  5. medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

urea is a byproduct of diet ___

A

breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what medications can increase ALP in dogs?

A

corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What blood chemistry level will be higher in well muscled animals?

A

creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what type of diet will have a higher BUN concentration?

A

high protein diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why would an excited cat have a higher PCV?

A

because the spleen is not contracting and releasing more RBC’s into circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pending time of day, what do thyroid hormones do?

A

they go up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are 5 specimen collecting and handling considerations in terms of reference intervals?

A
  1. collection site
  2. anticoagulants used
  3. sampling time
  4. interval between collecting and testing
  5. storage conditions including freezing and thawing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

plasma has fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A

90% water 10% proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, lipids, salts, minerals, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what factors of a difficult venipuncture can alter coagulation results?

A

-speed of blood flow
- needle size too small
- bent needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a common coagulopathy in cats and dogs?

A

rodenticide, factor 8 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how can you minimize hemolysis when collecting blood?

A

use the gauge needle possible to reduce turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how should you transfer collected blood into a collection tube?

A

remove the tube cap, dont try to force blood into the tube by poking into the cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is it important to recap the blood sample?

A

evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what values in the blood are altered when the cap is left off the blood tube?

A
  • gasses in the blood (CO2 or O2 diffusion)
  • glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

when and what is a heparin tube used for?

A

blood gasses and tests done right away in house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how much blood should you collect?

A

enough to run the test twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how long must a sample sit for in order to get a clot?

A

30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how long and what RPM do you centrifuge serum or plasma sample?

A

2000-3000 RPM for 10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

if the clot site with the serum, RBC’s use __ at a rate of ___ which gives a ___in low concentration

A

blank 1= glucose
blank 2= 10% per hour
blank 3= false decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the 2 most common problems encountered when running samples?

A

lipemia and hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are cells doing during hemolysis?

A

RBC are releasing their content (mostly water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what happens to the value of hematocrit if there is hemolysis?

A

it decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

can hemolysis cause potassium to be low?

A

no, it can cause it to be high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how can we prevent lipemia?

A
  1. fasting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what does lipemia promote?

A

hemolysis

52
Q

how does hemolysis interfere with test results?

A
  • diluting normal substances in aqueous component of serum
  • interferes with spectrophotometer assays
53
Q

why would you put a lipemic sample in the fridge?

A

because fat rises so the lipid will float to the top and you can take it off

54
Q

what is a reagent that some labs add to clear lipemic serum sample?

A

lipoclear

55
Q

what type of centrifuge can external labs use with lipemic sample?

A

ultra centrifugation

56
Q

What things can hemolysis falsely increase (there are 8)

A
  1. iron
  2. AST
  3. LDH
  4. Potassium
  5. Phosphorus
  6. creatine kinase
  7. total protein
  8. magnesium
57
Q

what 1 thing can hemolysis falsely decrease?

A

lipase

58
Q

where is lipase produced?

A

the pancreas

59
Q

how can we avoid hemolysis? (there are many)

A
  • dont use a moist needle
  • dont mix blood vigorously
  • dont force blood through the needle
  • dont freeze blood sample
  • dont use excessive alcohol
  • dont use a needle that is too small
  • dont under fill the collection tube
60
Q

can icteric be minimized by proper patient preparation or a change in sample handling?

A

no

61
Q

does icteric interfere with spectrophotometric assays?

A

yes

62
Q

how long can serum/plasma be stored in the fridge?

A

4-7 days

63
Q

what should you do with frozen plasma/serum?

A

return to room temp before testing

64
Q

what are the 5 types of automated analyzers?

A
  1. photometry
  2. end point assay
  3. kinetic assay
  4. ion selective electrode
  5. electrochemical methods
65
Q

what does photometry do?

A

its a light reflectance

66
Q

what does spectrophotometer do?

A

measures the amount of light transmitted through or reflected by the sample

67
Q

what does colorimeter do?

A

uses a filter to select the appropriate wavelength of light that will have the maximum absorbance by the sample (increased accuracy)

68
Q

what does reflectometer do?

A

decrees light that is reflected from substances being tested

69
Q

what does beers law state?

A

that the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of solution

70
Q

end point assays= sample and reagent reach a ____

A

stable end point

71
Q

what does analyzers use to calculate the results?

A
  • one point calibration or an internal standard curve
72
Q

what do kinetic assays mainly used to determine?

A

enzyme activity

73
Q

enzymes induce a chemical change in what?

A

a substrate

74
Q

why must kinetic assays be read at a specific time?

A

because they do not reach a stable end point

75
Q

what is often used to measure electrolytes?

A

ion selective electrode analyzers

76
Q

what are 2 automatic analyzers?

A
  1. dry chemistry technology
  2. liquid chemistry technology
77
Q

what does dry chemistry technology measure?

A

light reflected from the slides or pads or cartridges

78
Q

what does liquid chemistry technology measure?

A

uses light to measure the absorbance and transmittance of light

79
Q

what is the most common example of liquid chemistry technology?

A

rotor technology

80
Q

how much water is in the body?

A

60%

81
Q

water in the body is divided into 2 subcategories. what are they?

A
  1. intracellular fluid
  2. extracellular fluid
82
Q

in large animal, where is the most water found?

A

rumen

83
Q

what can extracellular fluid be further divided into?

A
  1. blood
  2. intercellular fluid
  3. third space fluid
  4. GI trat in large animal
84
Q

where are electrolytes found?

A

intracellular and extracellular

85
Q

what electrolytes (2) are highest concentration in extracellular fluid?

A

sodium and chloride

86
Q

what electrolytes are highest concentration in intracellular fluid?

A

potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus

87
Q

what units are electrolytes measured in?

A

mol/L (SI)
mEq/L (American)

88
Q

electrolytes are critical in allowing cells to do what?

A
  1. generate energy and
  2. maintain the stability of their cell membranes
89
Q

what do electrolytes generate?

A

electricity, contract muscles, move water and fluids within the body, participate in many other activities

90
Q

what monitors changes in blood pressure and the amount of sodium, potassium, and water

A

kidney

91
Q

where is renin?

A

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney

92
Q

where is angiotensin?

A

lung, brain, heart

93
Q

where is aldosterone?

A

adrenal gland

94
Q

where is anitdiuretic hormone?

A

pituitary gland

95
Q

what hormones maintain electrolyte balance normal limits?

A

renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, ADH

96
Q

what measures all electrolytes?

A

io selective electrodes

97
Q

what is the most abundant cation?

A

sodium

98
Q

where is sodium filtered?

A

by the glomeruli and reabsorbed through renal tubules in exchange for hydrogen as needed

99
Q

what does sodium help maintain?

A

BP, blood volume, normal muscle and nerve function

100
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

increased concentration of serum sodium

101
Q

hypernatremia is usually associated with what?

A

dehydration

102
Q

what is hyponatremia?

A

decrease in concentration of serum sodium

103
Q

what are some causes of hyponatremia? (6)

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. over hydration
  3. renal failure
  4. hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons disease)
    5.hemolysis
  5. CHF
104
Q

what % of potassium is intracellular?

A

90%

105
Q

____ has a very narrow reference range for maintaining normal neuromuscular and cardia function

A

potassium

106
Q

What 2 electrolytes help maintain potassium balance?

A

sodium and magnesium

107
Q

what type of cell is high in potassium?

A

reticulocyte

108
Q

what can increase serum potassium?

A

hemolysis or prolonged contact between serum and RBCs

109
Q

RBCs of which species (3) are high in potassium?

A

pigs, horses, primates

110
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

increased potassium levels

111
Q

what are reasons (8) for hyperkalemia?

A
  1. diarrhea (calves)
  2. diabetes melitus
  3. massive tissue necrosis
  4. marked muscle excretion
  5. Madison’s disease
  6. post renal obstruction
  7. renal failure
  8. ruptured bladder
112
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

low potassium levels

113
Q

reasons for hypokalemia (7)

A
  1. insulin therapy
  2. diarrhea (especially horses)
  3. renal loss
  4. prolonged exercise (horse, dog)
  5. anorexia (especially in herbivores)
  6. abomasa stasis
    7.profuse sweating (horses)
114
Q

what is the cause of cervical ventroflexion (cats) and inability to raise or lift head (cow)?

A

hypokalemia

115
Q

when would we often see hyperkalemia and why?

A

in blocked cats because the urine is building up in the body and potassium is not being excreted in the urine (this is an emergency)

116
Q

what is the only way you can get potassium?

A

from eating

117
Q

when is hypokalemia usually seen?

A

renal failure as the animal is not eating

118
Q

what can a back up of urine lead to?

A

heart failure

119
Q

how do you calculate the sodium to potassium ratio?

A

divide sodium by potassium

120
Q

what is the most abundant extracellular anion?

A

chloride

121
Q

what 2 electrolytes have a close relationship?

A

chloride and sodium

122
Q

what is an important component for maintaining acid base balance?

A

bicarbonate

123
Q

what does bicarb do?

A

help buffer the acids that build up as normal by products of metabolism

124
Q

what do the lungs regulate?

A

the amount of CO2

125
Q

what do the kidneys (renal tubules) regulate?

A

bicarb

126
Q

what is a normal pH level?

A

7.35-7.45

Clinical Pathology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions