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Developmental Biology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which group believed that “Embryos are formed de novo in each generation”?

A

Epigenesis (Ex. Aristotle, 350BC)

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2
Q

Which group believed “Within sperm are encased miniature beings”?

A

The Spermists (Preformation (Ex. Malpighi, 1672AD))

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3
Q

Which group believed “Eve’s ovary contained billion of preformed mini-humans”?

A

The Ovists (Preformation (Ex. Malpighi, 1672AD))

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4
Q

What are some common modern metaphors used to think about development?

A

Blueprints, Computer, & Painting

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5
Q

What are the 7 key questions of developmental biology?

A
  1. The question of reproduction
  2. The question of differentiation
  3. The question of growth
  4. The question of morphogenesis
  5. The question of environmental integration
  6. The question of regeneration
  7. The question of evolution
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6
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “How do organisms produce more organisms?”

A
  1. The question of reproduction
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7
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “What makes one cell different than another?”

A
  1. The question of differentiation
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8
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “How do cells know when to grow or divide?”

A
  1. The question of growth
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9
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “How do cells organize in a cooperative fashion?”

A
  1. The question of morphogenesis
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10
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “What influence does the environment have?”

A
  1. The question of environmental integration
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11
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “Why do some tissues (i.e. Liver) regenerate while others do not (i.e. Heart)?

A
  1. The question of regeneration
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12
Q

Which Question of Developmental Biology talks about “What freedom and constraints does development put on evolution?”

A
  1. The question of evolution
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13
Q

What is the formation of sperm and eggs called?

A

Gametogenesis

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14
Q

What is the formation of specifically sperm called?

A

Spermatogenesis

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15
Q

What is the formation of specifically eggs called?

A

Oogenesis

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16
Q

What is the combination of a sperm and an egg cell called?

A

Fertilization

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17
Q

What is the first principle of von Baer’s laws?

A
  1. The general features of a large group of animals appear earlier in development than do the specialized features of a smaller group (Ex. Limb buds in chickens and horses that differentiate into wings and hooves)
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18
Q

What is the second principle of von Baer’s laws?

A
  1. Less general characters develop from the more general, until finally the most specialized appear.
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19
Q

What is the third principle of von Baer’s laws?

A
  1. The embryo of a given species, instead of passing through the adult stages of lower animals, departs more and more from them.
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20
Q

What is the fourth principle of von Baer’s laws?

A
  1. Therefore, the early embryo of a higher animal is never like a lower animal, but only like its early embryo
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21
Q

What is the first law from Ernst Haeckel?

A
  1. Specific difference between animal arrives late in development. Eve disparate are indistinguishable at early stages of development.
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22
Q

What is the second law from Ernst Haeckel?

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. (Ex. A human heart going through development (having 1, 2, 3, & 4 chambers)

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23
Q

Do we follow more of von Baer’s laws or Ernst Haeckel’s laws?

A

von Baer’s laws

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24
Q

Which major cellular process do “Mesenchyme become epithelium”

A

Mesenchymal Condensation

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25
Q

Which major cellular process do “Mitosis produces more cells (hyperplasia)

A

Mesenchymal Cell Division

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26
Q

Which major cellular process do “Cells dies (usually with apoptosis)”

A

Cell death

27
Q

Which major cellular process do “Cells move at particular times and places”

A

Mesenchymal Migration

28
Q

Which major cellular process do “Synthesis or removal or extracellular layer”

A

Mesenchymal Matrix secretion and Degradation

29
Q

Which major cellular process do “Cells get larger (hypertrophy)”

A

Mesenchymal Growth

30
Q

Which major cellular process do “Epithelium becomes mesenchyme (entire structure)”

A

Epithelial Dispersal

31
Q

Which major cellular process do “Epithelium becomes mesenchyme (part of structure)”

A

Epithelial Delamination

32
Q

Which major cellular process do “Cell remain attached as morphology is altered”

A

Epithelial Growth

33
Q

Which major cellular process do “Rows of epithelia merge to form fewer rows”

A

Epithelial Migration/Intercalation

34
Q

What major cellular process do “Mitosis within row or column”

A

Epithelial Cell Division

35
Q

What major cellular process do “Synthesis or removal of extracellular matrix”

A

Epithelial Degradation

36
Q

What major cellular process do “Formation of free edges”

A

Epithelial Migration

37
Q

What is “fate mapping”

A

Injecting section of an embryo with fluorescent dye and then coming back to see what ends up forming

38
Q

What is fate mapping with tissue grafts

A

Cutting off a small section of embryo (ie. quail embryo) and putting it into a different embryo (ie. chicken)

39
Q

What are the Environmental Manipulation options in the Experimental Approach?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Chemical
  3. Radiation
  4. Isolation
  5. Transplantation
40
Q

What are the Differentiation options in the Experimental Approach?

A
  1. Morphogens
  2. Stem Cells
  3. Cell Affinity
41
Q

What are the Cloning options in the Genetic Approach?

A
  1. SCNT
  2. ANT
42
Q

What are the Transgenics options in the Genetic Approach?

A
  1. Knock-ins
  2. Knock-outs
  3. Knock-downs
43
Q

What are the Gene Expression options in the Genetic Approach?

A
  1. RT-PCR
  2. Microarray
44
Q

What are the 4 Forms of Evidence in Experimental Embryology?

A
  1. Anecdotal Evidence
  2. Correlative Evidence
  3. Loss-of-Function Evidence
  4. Gain-of-Function Evidence
45
Q

What is Anecdotal Evidence?

A

Simple Observation, considered the weakest form of evidence

46
Q

What is Correlative Evidence?

A

Statistical Observation, correlation is not causation

47
Q

What is Loss-of-Function Evidence?

A

A Defect/Ablation or Isolation Experiment, necessary is not sufficient

48
Q

What is Gain-of-Function Evidence?

A

Recombination or Transplantation Experiment, Initiation of an unexpected event

49
Q

What is Autonomous (mosaic) Specification?

A

Specification determined by differential segregation of cytoplasmic molecules

50
Q

What is Syncytial Specification

A

Specification determined by cytoplasmic regions prior to cellularization

51
Q

What is Conditional Specification?

A

Specification determined by cellular interactions

52
Q

What are the Less –> Most Differentiated Cells

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Unipotent
  5. Terminal
53
Q

What are Totipotent Cells?

A

Cells with the ability to become everything. Total Potential

54
Q

What are Pluripotent Cells?

A

Can form all the cells in the adult. Can’t form the extra embryonic tissues needed to make a baby

55
Q

What are Multipotent Cells?

A

Adult stem cells. Can’t form neurons

56
Q

What are Unipotent Cells?

A

Progenitor cells. Least powerful stem cell. Can only differentiate into one type of cell.

57
Q

What are Terminal Cells?

A

Somatic cells. Neurons are a type of terminal cells.

58
Q

What is Specification?

A

Autonomous Differentiation in Neutral Environment

59
Q

What is Determination?

A

Autonomous Differentiation in a Negative Environment

60
Q

What is SCNT?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transference

61
Q

What are the pros and cons of RT-PCR

A
  1. One Gene
  2. Small Samples needed
  3. Semiquantitative
62
Q

What are the pros and cons of Northern Blot (run RNA through a gel and probe it)

A
  1. One Gene
  2. Large Samples
  3. Highly Quantitative
  4. Hazardous
63
Q

What are the pros and cons of a Microarray?

A
  1. Many genes
  2. Large Samples
  3. Semiquantitative
  4. Expensive
64
Q

What are the pros and cons of in situ (in place) hybridization

A
  1. Histological or whole-mount
  2. Difficult

Developmental Biology (2 decks)

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