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Human Growth and Motor Development Exam 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hyperplasia

A

growth of tissue via increase in number of cells

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2
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in tissue sizes via growth of cells

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3
Q

accretion

A

increase in intracellular substances (in between cells)

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4
Q

maturation

A

process of achieving a mature state, a certain level of functioning or of progressing toward that state

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5
Q

maturity

A

state where it performs that function

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6
Q

development

A

anything thats not maturation or growth

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7
Q

biological development

A

stem cells, looking at how they differentiate and specify

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8
Q

behavioral development

A

development of competence in various domains

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9
Q

prenatal life

A
  • period of zygote: conception - weeks 1/2
  • embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
  • fetal period: 9 weeks - birth
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10
Q

infancy

A

neonatal period: birth - 1 month
early infancy: 1-12 months
later infancy: 12-24 months

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11
Q

childhood

A

toddler period: 24-36 months
early childhood: 3-5 years
middle/later childhood: 6-10 years

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12
Q

adolescence

A

prepubescence/early adolescence: 10-12 years (females), 11-13 years (males)
post pubescence/late adolescence: 12-20 years (females), 14-20 years (males)

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13
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

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14
Q

ventral

A

towards the front

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15
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail

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16
Q

cranial

A

towards the head

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17
Q

rostral

A

towards the nose

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18
Q

fimbriae role in ovary

A

actin and myosin propel egg in uterine tube

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

zygote moves toward uterus

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20
Q

cleavage

A

mitotic division, begins slowly

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21
Q

morula

A

bumpy, molberry, preparing to enter uterus

22
Q

just before second week…

A

cyst develops (blastocyst)

23
Q

blastocyst

A

stage where cyst has formed ~ day 4

24
Q

end of week 1

A
  • blastocyst begins to attach to endometrium
  • will begin secreting substance to breakdown epithelium of endometrium
  • firmly attached and beginning to implant
25
Q

2nd week

A

period of 2’s, formation of bilaminar embryo

26
Q

embryoblast

A

inner cell, cells that compact mass into wall

27
Q

trophoblast

A

becomes chorion/placenta layer of cells surrounding structure

28
Q

day 10, two cavities appear

A
  • larger cavity: fluid in contact with hypoblast (below)
  • smaller cavity: fluid in contact with epiblast (above), eventually develops amniotic fluid
29
Q

days 7-13

A
  • implantation occurs
  • connecting stalk: connects to what will be tail end of embryo
30
Q

teratogen

A

some type of substance that will cause maldevelopment

31
Q

week 3

A
  • menstruation is missed
  • major structures develop (CNS and heart)
32
Q

thalidomide

A
  • drug used for morning sickness
  • prevented development of blood vessels
  • resulted in limb malformation
33
Q

3 germinal cell layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

34
Q

week 3 important structures

A
  • primative streak: midline indentation on embryo
  • notocord: important signaling structure
  • neural tube: primative nervous system
35
Q

gastrulation

A

days 14-19, bulk of 3rd week

36
Q

gastrulation starts..

A

at caudal end and moves forward

37
Q

when formation of primative streak stops during gastrulation..

A

primitive node is formed

38
Q

notochord signals..

A
  • ectoderm to become skin/NS, neural plate cells, develop into CNS
  • mesoderm to become muscle
  • endoderm to become linings
39
Q

~ day 21/end of 3rd week into week 4

A

flat plate begins to fold

40
Q

somites

A

precursors to important structures of the back (epidermis, muscles, CT, vertebrae)

41
Q

just into week 4

A
  • rostral and caudal neuropores still present (close by day 26)
  • if caudal opening doesn’t close = spina bifida
  • if rostral pore doesn’t close = anecephally
42
Q

folding (into 4th and 5th week)

A
  • head to tail folding: heart needs to move from cranial end to chest region
  • lateral folding: forms a tube, need to bring ectoderm around to provide covering
43
Q

weeks 5 and 6

A
  • head to tail folding well underway
  • initial connecting stalk still remains
  • day 32: single umbilicus
  • start to see upper limb buds, heart prominence, pharyngeal arches
44
Q

body composition

A
  • proportion of body weight that is water decreases after birth
  • proportion of fat increases
  • concentration of nitrogen increases
  • concentration of calcium increases
  • concentration of phosphorus increases
45
Q

fetal motor activity

A
  • 4 weeks: heart movements
  • 8-9 weeks: limbs start moving
  • 20 weeks - term: motor activity decreases (fewer kicks but stronger)
46
Q

effects of smoking…

A

decreases motor activity

47
Q

factors that affect birth weight

A
  • genotype
  • sex
  • ethnicity: white > mexican > asian > black
48
Q

maternal energy and nutrient intake affect on birthweight

A

too little negatively effects growth

49
Q

mothers own nutritional history affect on birthweight

A

low birth weight/ED negatively effects growth

50
Q

maternal smoking

A

more cigarettes a day increasingly affects growth

51
Q

maternal alcohol consumption

A

more drinks a day increasingly affects growth

Human Growth and Motor Development Exam 1 (2 decks)

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