Lecture 1 Flashcards
hyperplasia
growth of tissue via increase in number of cells
hypertrophy
increase in tissue sizes via growth of cells
accretion
increase in intracellular substances (in between cells)
maturation
process of achieving a mature state, a certain level of functioning or of progressing toward that state
maturity
state where it performs that function
development
anything thats not maturation or growth
biological development
stem cells, looking at how they differentiate and specify
behavioral development
development of competence in various domains
prenatal life
- period of zygote: conception - weeks 1/2
- embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
- fetal period: 9 weeks - birth
infancy
neonatal period: birth - 1 month
early infancy: 1-12 months
later infancy: 12-24 months
childhood
toddler period: 24-36 months
early childhood: 3-5 years
middle/later childhood: 6-10 years
adolescence
prepubescence/early adolescence: 10-12 years (females), 11-13 years (males)
post pubescence/late adolescence: 12-20 years (females), 14-20 years (males)
dorsal
towards the back
ventral
towards the front
caudal
towards the tail
cranial
towards the head
rostral
towards the nose
fimbriae role in ovary
actin and myosin propel egg in uterine tube
peristalsis
zygote moves toward uterus
cleavage
mitotic division, begins slowly
morula
bumpy, molberry, preparing to enter uterus
just before second week…
cyst develops (blastocyst)
blastocyst
stage where cyst has formed ~ day 4
end of week 1
- blastocyst begins to attach to endometrium
- will begin secreting substance to breakdown epithelium of endometrium
- firmly attached and beginning to implant
2nd week
period of 2’s, formation of bilaminar embryo
embryoblast
inner cell, cells that compact mass into wall
trophoblast
becomes chorion/placenta layer of cells surrounding structure
day 10, two cavities appear
- larger cavity: fluid in contact with hypoblast (below)
- smaller cavity: fluid in contact with epiblast (above), eventually develops amniotic fluid
days 7-13
- implantation occurs
- connecting stalk: connects to what will be tail end of embryo
teratogen
some type of substance that will cause maldevelopment
week 3
- menstruation is missed
- major structures develop (CNS and heart)
thalidomide
- drug used for morning sickness
- prevented development of blood vessels
- resulted in limb malformation
3 germinal cell layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
week 3 important structures
- primative streak: midline indentation on embryo
- notocord: important signaling structure
- neural tube: primative nervous system
gastrulation
days 14-19, bulk of 3rd week
gastrulation starts..
at caudal end and moves forward
when formation of primative streak stops during gastrulation..
primitive node is formed
notochord signals..
- ectoderm to become skin/NS, neural plate cells, develop into CNS
- mesoderm to become muscle
- endoderm to become linings
~ day 21/end of 3rd week into week 4
flat plate begins to fold
somites
precursors to important structures of the back (epidermis, muscles, CT, vertebrae)
just into week 4
- rostral and caudal neuropores still present (close by day 26)
- if caudal opening doesn’t close = spina bifida
- if rostral pore doesn’t close = anecephally
folding (into 4th and 5th week)
- head to tail folding: heart needs to move from cranial end to chest region
- lateral folding: forms a tube, need to bring ectoderm around to provide covering
weeks 5 and 6
- head to tail folding well underway
- initial connecting stalk still remains
- day 32: single umbilicus
- start to see upper limb buds, heart prominence, pharyngeal arches
body composition
- proportion of body weight that is water decreases after birth
- proportion of fat increases
- concentration of nitrogen increases
- concentration of calcium increases
- concentration of phosphorus increases
fetal motor activity
- 4 weeks: heart movements
- 8-9 weeks: limbs start moving
- 20 weeks - term: motor activity decreases (fewer kicks but stronger)
effects of smoking…
decreases motor activity
factors that affect birth weight
- genotype
- sex
- ethnicity: white > mexican > asian > black
maternal energy and nutrient intake affect on birthweight
too little negatively effects growth
mothers own nutritional history affect on birthweight
low birth weight/ED negatively effects growth
maternal smoking
more cigarettes a day increasingly affects growth
maternal alcohol consumption
more drinks a day increasingly affects growth
